Root, stem, and leaf samples were collected from the medicinal plant L. japonica (traditional variety Damaohua, 2n = 18) growing in four different locations in the Henan and Shandong Provinces from July 2011 to July 2012. Samples were collected during the plant's flowering and growth stages, when active metabolism facilitated plant identification. The four sampling sites were the medicinal botanical garden of Shangqiu Normal University, the Huaxian County of Henan Province, and the Pingyi County and Juye County of Shangdong Province. Examination of siderophore production: Bacteria were cultured in lysogeny broth (LB; 10 g NaCl/L) for 72 h under iron-restricted conditions. Aliquots of each bacterial culture were inoculated in plates (three plates per strain) containing agar Chrome Azurol S (CAS) and incubated at 30 &#8451. Plates were observed daily for 7 d to detect the appearance of an orange halo around the colonies. Phosphate solubilization: To determine the phosphate-solubilizing activity, the isolates were cultured in triplicate in modified Pikovskayas medium (0.5% tricalcium phosphate) at 30 &#8451 for 7 d at 200 rpm. Indole acetic acid (IAA) production: Briefly, each bacterial suspension (1 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) was inoculated in 10 mL LB broth containing L-TRYPTOPHAN (100 µG/ML) AND INCUBATED AT 28 &#8451 for 72 h at 200 rpm. Bacterial cells were removed by centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 15 min, and the collected supernatant was incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min.

Root, stem, and leaf samples were collected from the medicinal plant L. japonica (traditional variety Damaohua, 2n = 18) growing in four different locations in the Henan and Shandong Provinces from July 2011 to July 2012. Samples were collected during the plant's flowering and growth stages, when active metabolism facilitated plant identification. The four sampling sites were the medicinal botanical garden of Shangqiu Normal University, the Huaxian County of Henan Province, and the Pingyi County and Juye County of Shangdong Province. Examination of siderophore production: Bacteria were cultured in lysogeny broth (LB; 10 g NaCl/L) for 72 h under iron-restricted conditions. Aliquots of each bacterial culture were inoculated in plates (three plates per strain) containing agar Chrome Azurol S (CAS) and incubated at 30 &#8451. Plates were observed daily for 7 d to detect the appearance of an orange halo around the colonies. Phosphate solubilization: To determine the phosphate-solubilizing activity, the isolates were cultured in triplicate in modified Pikovskayas medium (0.5% tricalcium phosphate) at 30 &#8451 for 7 d at 200 rpm. Indole acetic acid (IAA) production: Briefly, each bacterial suspension (1 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) was inoculated in 10 mL LB broth containing L-TRYPTOPHAN (100 µG/ML) AND INCUBATED AT 28 &#8451 for 72 h at 200 rpm. Bacterial cells were removed by centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 15 min, and the collected supernatant was incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min.

Root, stem, and leaf samples were collected from the medicinal plant L. japonica (traditional variety Damaohua, 2n = 18) growing in four different locations in the Henan and Shandong Provinces from July 2011 to July 2012. Samples were collected during the plant's flowering and growth stages, when active metabolism facilitated plant identification. The four sampling sites were the medicinal botanical garden of Shangqiu Normal University, the Huaxian County of Henan Province, and the Pingyi County and Juye County of Shangdong Province. Examination of siderophore production: Bacteria were cultured in lysogeny broth (LB; 10 g NaCl/L) for 72 h under iron-restricted conditions. Aliquots of each bacterial culture were inoculated in plates (three plates per strain) containing agar Chrome Azurol S (CAS) and incubated at 30 &#8451. Plates were observed daily for 7 d to detect the appearance of an orange halo around the colonies. Phosphate solubilization: To determine the phosphate-solubilizing activity, the isolates were cultured in triplicate in modified Pikovskayas medium (0.5% tricalcium phosphate) at 30 &#8451 for 7 d at 200 rpm. Indole acetic acid (IAA) production: Briefly, each bacterial suspension (1 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) was inoculated in 10 mL LB broth containing L-TRYPTOPHAN (100 µG/ML) AND INCUBATED AT 28 &#8451 for 72 h at 200 rpm. Bacterial cells were removed by centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 15 min, and the collected supernatant was incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min.

Rhizospheric soil samples and roots from 3-month-old Triticum aestivum (wheat var. Lokwan) plants (five plants each from ten fields) grown in the Mehsana region of Gujarat, India (latitude 23° 42′ N and longitude 72° 33′ E), were collected in sterile polyvinyl bags separately by following the composite sampling method and transported under ice-cold conditions. The cultures that inhibited fungal growth were quantified for chitinase production on minimal medium containing (20 g/L) colloidal chitin (Hsu & Lockwood, 1975). The organic acid responsible for the phosphate solubilization of the two most effective solubilizers was determined as follows. The cultures were grown on minimal medium [0.2 g (NH₄)2SO₄ /L, 0.06 g MgSO₄.7H₂O /L, 50 g PEG 6000 /L] supplemented with glucose (20 g/L), 1 ml trace salts solution (1.0 g ZnSO₄.7H20 /L, 1.0 g MnCl₂.4H₂O /L, 1.0 g CaCl₂ /L) for 7 days.

The gene expression of IDH, ICL and MS was monitored using specifically designed primers during the exponential phase (third day) and the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day). The qRT-PCR analysis showed no significant change in IDH expression during the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day) in either mhcr0816 or mhce0811, as compared to the growth phase (third day). A several fold increase in expression of ICL and MS in the stationary phase of mhcr0816 correlated with high malate production (50-55 mM, pH 2.9) and phosphate solubilization (1916 mg/L). Expression of ICL and MS in mhce0811 did not alter drastically during the acid-production phase; The enzymes assays correlated with the gene expression studies of IDH, ICL and MS in both the test (mhcr0816) and control (mhce0811) isolates. The IDH activity lacked significant alteration in both the cultures before (third day) and during acid production (seventh day). However, significantly elevated level of ICL (fourfold) and MS (tenfold) explained the malic acid overproduction and high phosphate solubilization in mhcr0816 as compared to mhce0811.

Root, stem, and leaf samples were collected from the medicinal plant L. japonica (traditional variety Damaohua, 2n = 18) growing in four different locations in the Henan and Shandong Provinces from July 2011 to July 2012. Samples were collected during the plant's flowering and growth stages, when active metabolism facilitated plant identification. The four sampling sites were the medicinal botanical garden of Shangqiu Normal University, the Huaxian County of Henan Province, and the Pingyi County and Juye County of Shangdong Province. Examination of siderophore production: Bacteria were cultured in lysogeny broth (LB; 10 g NaCl/L) for 72 h under iron-restricted conditions. Aliquots of each bacterial culture were inoculated in plates (three plates per strain) containing agar Chrome Azurol S (CAS) and incubated at 30 &#8451. Plates were observed daily for 7 d to detect the appearance of an orange halo around the colonies. Phosphate solubilization: To determine the phosphate-solubilizing activity, the isolates were cultured in triplicate in modified Pikovskayas medium (0.5% tricalcium phosphate) at 30 &#8451 for 7 d at 200 rpm. Indole acetic acid (IAA) production: Briefly, each bacterial suspension (1 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) was inoculated in 10 mL LB broth containing L-TRYPTOPHAN (100 µG/ML) AND INCUBATED AT 28 &#8451 for 72 h at 200 rpm. Bacterial cells were removed by centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 15 min, and the collected supernatant was incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min.

Root, stem, and leaf samples were collected from the medicinal plant L. japonica (traditional variety Damaohua, 2n = 18) growing in four different locations in the Henan and Shandong Provinces from July 2011 to July 2012. Samples were collected during the plant's flowering and growth stages, when active metabolism facilitated plant identification. The four sampling sites were the medicinal botanical garden of Shangqiu Normal University, the Huaxian County of Henan Province, and the Pingyi County and Juye County of Shangdong Province. Examination of siderophore production: Bacteria were cultured in lysogeny broth (LB; 10 g NaCl/L) for 72 h under iron-restricted conditions. Aliquots of each bacterial culture were inoculated in plates (three plates per strain) containing agar Chrome Azurol S (CAS) and incubated at 30 &#8451. Plates were observed daily for 7 d to detect the appearance of an orange halo around the colonies. Phosphate solubilization: To determine the phosphate-solubilizing activity, the isolates were cultured in triplicate in modified Pikovskayas medium (0.5% tricalcium phosphate) at 30 &#8451 for 7 d at 200 rpm. Indole acetic acid (IAA) production: Briefly, each bacterial suspension (1 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) was inoculated in 10 mL LB broth containing L-TRYPTOPHAN (100 µG/ML) AND INCUBATED AT 28 &#8451 for 72 h at 200 rpm. Bacterial cells were removed by centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 15 min, and the collected supernatant was incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min.

Rhizospheric soil samples and roots from 3-month-old Triticum aestivum (wheat var. Lokwan) plants (five plants each from ten fields) grown in the Mehsana region of Gujarat, India (latitude 23° 42′ N and longitude 72° 33′ E), were collected in sterile polyvinyl bags separately by following the composite sampling method and transported under ice-cold conditions. The cultures that inhibited fungal growth were quantified for chitinase production on minimal medium containing (20 g/L) colloidal chitin (Hsu & Lockwood, 1975). The organic acid responsible for the phosphate solubilization of the two most effective solubilizers was determined as follows. The cultures were grown on minimal medium [0.2 g (NH₄)2SO₄ /L, 0.06 g MgSO₄.7H₂O /L, 50 g PEG 6000 /L] supplemented with glucose (20 g/L), 1 ml trace salts solution (1.0 g ZnSO₄.7H20 /L, 1.0 g MnCl₂.4H₂O /L, 1.0 g CaCl₂ /L) for 7 days.

The gene expression of IDH, ICL and MS was monitored using specifically designed primers during the exponential phase (third day) and the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day). The qRT-PCR analysis showed no significant change in IDH expression during the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day) in either mhcr0816 or mhce0811, as compared to the growth phase (third day). A several fold increase in expression of ICL and MS in the stationary phase of mhcr0816 correlated with high malate production (50-55 mM, pH 2.9) and phosphate solubilization (1916 mg/L). Expression of ICL and MS in mhce0811 did not alter drastically during the acid-production phase; The enzymes assays correlated with the gene expression studies of IDH, ICL and MS in both the test (mhcr0816) and control (mhce0811) isolates. The IDH activity lacked significant alteration in both the cultures before (third day) and during acid production (seventh day). However, significantly elevated level of ICL (fourfold) and MS (tenfold) explained the malic acid overproduction and high phosphate solubilization in mhcr0816 as compared to mhce0811.

Rhizospheric soil samples and roots from 3-month-old Triticum aestivum (wheat var. Lokwan) plants (five plants each from ten fields) grown in the Mehsana region of Gujarat, India (latitude 23° 42′ N and longitude 72° 33′ E), were collected in sterile polyvinyl bags separately by following the composite sampling method and transported under ice-cold conditions. The cultures that inhibited fungal growth were quantified for chitinase production on minimal medium containing (20 g/L) colloidal chitin (Hsu & Lockwood, 1975). The organic acid responsible for the phosphate solubilization of the two most effective solubilizers was determined as follows. The cultures were grown on minimal medium [0.2 g (NH₄)2SO₄ /L, 0.06 g MgSO₄.7H₂O /L, 50 g PEG 6000 /L] supplemented with glucose (20 g/L), 1 ml trace salts solution (1.0 g ZnSO₄.7H20 /L, 1.0 g MnCl₂.4H₂O /L, 1.0 g CaCl₂ /L) for 7 days.

The gene expression of IDH, ICL and MS was monitored using specifically designed primers during the exponential phase (third day) and the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day). The qRT-PCR analysis showed no significant change in IDH expression during the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day) in either mhcr0816 or mhce0811, as compared to the growth phase (third day). A several fold increase in expression of ICL and MS in the stationary phase of mhcr0816 correlated with high malate production (50-55 mM, pH 2.9) and phosphate solubilization (1916 mg/L). Expression of ICL and MS in mhce0811 did not alter drastically during the acid-production phase; The enzymes assays correlated with the gene expression studies of IDH, ICL and MS in both the test (mhcr0816) and control (mhce0811) isolates. The IDH activity lacked significant alteration in both the cultures before (third day) and during acid production (seventh day). However, significantly elevated level of ICL (fourfold) and MS (tenfold) explained the malic acid overproduction and high phosphate solubilization in mhcr0816 as compared to mhce0811.

Rhizospheric soil samples and roots from 3-month-old Triticum aestivum (wheat var. Lokwan) plants (five plants each from ten fields) grown in the Mehsana region of Gujarat, India (latitude 23° 42′ N and longitude 72° 33′ E), were collected in sterile polyvinyl bags separately by following the composite sampling method and transported under ice-cold conditions. The cultures that inhibited fungal growth were quantified for chitinase production on minimal medium containing (20 g/L) colloidal chitin (Hsu & Lockwood, 1975). The organic acid responsible for the phosphate solubilization of the two most effective solubilizers was determined as follows. The cultures were grown on minimal medium [0.2 g (NH₄)2SO₄ /L, 0.06 g MgSO₄.7H₂O /L, 50 g PEG 6000 /L] supplemented with glucose (20 g/L), 1 ml trace salts solution (1.0 g ZnSO₄.7H20 /L, 1.0 g MnCl₂.4H₂O /L, 1.0 g CaCl₂ /L) for 7 days.

The gene expression of IDH, ICL and MS was monitored using specifically designed primers during the exponential phase (third day) and the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day). The qRT-PCR analysis showed no significant change in IDH expression during the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day) in either mhcr0816 or mhce0811, as compared to the growth phase (third day). A several fold increase in expression of ICL and MS in the stationary phase of mhcr0816 correlated with high malate production (50-55 mM, pH 2.9) and phosphate solubilization (1916 mg/L). Expression of ICL and MS in mhce0811 did not alter drastically during the acid-production phase; The enzymes assays correlated with the gene expression studies of IDH, ICL and MS in both the test (mhcr0816) and control (mhce0811) isolates. The IDH activity lacked significant alteration in both the cultures before (third day) and during acid production (seventh day). However, significantly elevated level of ICL (fourfold) and MS (tenfold) explained the malic acid overproduction and high phosphate solubilization in mhcr0816 as compared to mhce0811.

Rhizospheric soil samples and roots from 3-month-old Triticum aestivum (wheat var. Lokwan) plants (five plants each from ten fields) grown in the Mehsana region of Gujarat, India (latitude 23° 42′ N and longitude 72° 33′ E), were collected in sterile polyvinyl bags separately by following the composite sampling method and transported under ice-cold conditions. The cultures that inhibited fungal growth were quantified for chitinase production on minimal medium containing (20 g/L) colloidal chitin (Hsu & Lockwood, 1975). The organic acid responsible for the phosphate solubilization of the two most effective solubilizers was determined as follows. The cultures were grown on minimal medium [0.2 g (NH₄)2SO₄ /L, 0.06 g MgSO₄.7H₂O /L, 50 g PEG 6000 /L] supplemented with glucose (20 g/L), 1 ml trace salts solution (1.0 g ZnSO₄.7H20 /L, 1.0 g MnCl₂.4H₂O /L, 1.0 g CaCl₂ /L) for 7 days.

The gene expression of IDH, ICL and MS was monitored using specifically designed primers during the exponential phase (third day) and the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day). The qRT-PCR analysis showed no significant change in IDH expression during the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day) in either mhcr0816 or mhce0811, as compared to the growth phase (third day). A several fold increase in expression of ICL and MS in the stationary phase of mhcr0816 correlated with high malate production (50-55 mM, pH 2.9) and phosphate solubilization (1916 mg/L). Expression of ICL and MS in mhce0811 did not alter drastically during the acid-production phase; The enzymes assays correlated with the gene expression studies of IDH, ICL and MS in both the test (mhcr0816) and control (mhce0811) isolates. The IDH activity lacked significant alteration in both the cultures before (third day) and during acid production (seventh day). However, significantly elevated level of ICL (fourfold) and MS (tenfold) explained the malic acid overproduction and high phosphate solubilization in mhcr0816 as compared to mhce0811.

Rhizospheric soil samples and roots from 3-month-old Triticum aestivum (wheat var. Lokwan) plants (five plants each from ten fields) grown in the Mehsana region of Gujarat, India (latitude 23° 42′ N and longitude 72° 33′ E), were collected in sterile polyvinyl bags separately by following the composite sampling method and transported under ice-cold conditions. The cultures that inhibited fungal growth were quantified for chitinase production on minimal medium containing (20 g/L) colloidal chitin (Hsu & Lockwood, 1975). The organic acid responsible for the phosphate solubilization of the two most effective solubilizers was determined as follows. The cultures were grown on minimal medium [0.2 g (NH₄)2SO₄ /L, 0.06 g MgSO₄.7H₂O /L, 50 g PEG 6000 /L] supplemented with glucose (20 g/L), 1 ml trace salts solution (1.0 g ZnSO₄.7H20 /L, 1.0 g MnCl₂.4H₂O /L, 1.0 g CaCl₂ /L) for 7 days.

The gene expression of IDH, ICL and MS was monitored using specifically designed primers during the exponential phase (third day) and the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day). The qRT-PCR analysis showed no significant change in IDH expression during the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day) in either mhcr0816 or mhce0811, as compared to the growth phase (third day). A several fold increase in expression of ICL and MS in the stationary phase of mhcr0816 correlated with high malate production (50-55 mM, pH 2.9) and phosphate solubilization (1916 mg/L). Expression of ICL and MS in mhce0811 did not alter drastically during the acid-production phase; The enzymes assays correlated with the gene expression studies of IDH, ICL and MS in both the test (mhcr0816) and control (mhce0811) isolates. The IDH activity lacked significant alteration in both the cultures before (third day) and during acid production (seventh day). However, significantly elevated level of ICL (fourfold) and MS (tenfold) explained the malic acid overproduction and high phosphate solubilization in mhcr0816 as compared to mhce0811.

Rhizospheric soil samples and roots from 3-month-old Triticum aestivum (wheat var. Lokwan) plants (five plants each from ten fields) grown in the Mehsana region of Gujarat, India (latitude 23° 42′ N and longitude 72° 33′ E), were collected in sterile polyvinyl bags separately by following the composite sampling method and transported under ice-cold conditions. The cultures that inhibited fungal growth were quantified for chitinase production on minimal medium containing (20 g/L) colloidal chitin (Hsu & Lockwood, 1975). The organic acid responsible for the phosphate solubilization of the two most effective solubilizers was determined as follows. The cultures were grown on minimal medium [0.2 g (NH₄)2SO₄ /L, 0.06 g MgSO₄.7H₂O /L, 50 g PEG 6000 /L] supplemented with glucose (20 g/L), 1 ml trace salts solution (1.0 g ZnSO₄.7H20 /L, 1.0 g MnCl₂.4H₂O /L, 1.0 g CaCl₂ /L) for 7 days.

The gene expression of IDH, ICL and MS was monitored using specifically designed primers during the exponential phase (third day) and the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day). The qRT-PCR analysis showed no significant change in IDH expression during the malate-producing stationary phase (seventh day) in either mhcr0816 or mhce0811, as compared to the growth phase (third day). A several fold increase in expression of ICL and MS in the stationary phase of mhcr0816 correlated with high malate production (50-55 mM, pH 2.9) and phosphate solubilization (1916 mg/L). Expression of ICL and MS in mhce0811 did not alter drastically during the acid-production phase; The enzymes assays correlated with the gene expression studies of IDH, ICL and MS in both the test (mhcr0816) and control (mhce0811) isolates. The IDH activity lacked significant alteration in both the cultures before (third day) and during acid production (seventh day). However, significantly elevated level of ICL (fourfold) and MS (tenfold) explained the malic acid overproduction and high phosphate solubilization in mhcr0816 as compared to mhce0811.