Details of Factor

General Information of Factor (ID: FP004)
  Factor Name Drought Stress Treatment; Developmental Stage Variation
  Factor Type Combined Factors; Environmental Conditions; Species Factors
  Factor Description
Drought and flooding are complex stress which impairs plant and microorganism growth/development. Drought causes water loss from the cell, increasing the cytoplasm's molecular crowding. This water loss alters the cell's physiology since the increase in macromolecular crowding produces alterations to proteins. It affects metabolic networks, processes related to replication of DNA, transcription and translation, the integrity of the membranes, etc. Some of the most critical effects of flooding include a reduction in water and nutrient uptake and a decrease in metabolism. The severe constraint is the starvation of oxygen and carbon dioxide caused by prolonged water diffusion rates compared to air. The limitation of oxygen availability in flooded soil causes hypoxic and anoxia conditions in the root. Furthermore, flooding leads to changes in soil chemical characteristics, including soil acidification and redox potential, which limits the availability of soil nutrients and causes the accumulation of phytotoxins. These results indicate that plant growth is suppressed under flooding stress through decreasing energy/nutrients supply and accumulating toxic metabolites.
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Biosynthesis of bioactive phytochemicals in plant tissues is highly ordered and effective by harvesting times, including different developmental stages and seasonal changes. Both were complex factors in environmental variables that significantly regulate many physiological and behavioral processes, such as shifts in chemical and microbial rhizosphere community composition. Substantial differences in biological activities may also occur.
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 The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by This Factor
      Species Name: Satureja hortensis
          Species Info Click to show the detail information of this Factor
          Experiment Detail
Seeds of Iranian native savory were obtained from the seed bank of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran, and were sown in the field on 30 March 2000. Plants were 0.2 m apart with 0.5 m between rows. For the water stress study, each plot, four rows wide and 10 m long, with four replications in a randomized complete block design, was irrigated regularly with furrow irrigation. The timing of irrigation (frequency and duration) was based on the soil water potential, according to treatment criteria. Soil water potential was monitored using sensors and leaf water potential was measured using a pressure chamber. Five irrigation treatments were determined, consisting of: (a) a control, which was irrigated to full field capacity (FC) during the growing season; (b) two moderate water stress treatments (66% of FC) during vegetative and flowering stages; and (c) two severe water stress treatments during the vegetative and flowering stages (33% of FC). Because the severe treatment during the vegetative stage resulted in stopping of plant growth and adaptation, this treatment was omitted from our studies. For each treatment, measurements of plant height and fresh and dry weight were monitored by destructive harvests of eight randomly selected plants from the centre rows of each plot during the full flowering period. Plants were harvested at the soil surface, immediately weighed (fresh weight) and then oven-dried at 75 ℃ for 48 h and reweighed (dry weight). Also, for essential oil contents, the aerial parts of eight selected plants were collected and air-dried in the shade for 24 h and then were evaluated. All essential oil concentrations reported are based on the harvest of all aerial parts from whole plants.
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          Factor Function
The accumulation of oil increased significantly under severe water stress at the flowering stage, when the mean leaf water potential decreased from -0.5 to -1.6 MPa. This treatment affected the quantity of the essential oils more than moderate water stress during the vegetative and flowering stages. The main oil constituents are carvacrol and gamma-terpinene. The amount of carvacrol increased under moderate stress, while gamma-terpinene content decreased under moderate and severe water stress treatments.
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            (E)-Beta-Ocimene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.1 %
            Alpha-Phellandrene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
            Alpha-Pinene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.3 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.5 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.6 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.1 %
            Alpha-Terpinene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 4.9 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 4.9 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 5.1 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 5.4 %
            Alpha-Thujene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.4 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.6 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.7 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.9 %
            Beta-Bisabolene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.5 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.5 %
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.9 %
            Beta-Caryophyllene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.3 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.3 %
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.5 %
            Beta-Pinene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.9 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.4 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1 %
            Bicyclogermacrene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
            Carvacrol [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 40.3 %
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 41.3 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 42.6 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 44.5 %
            Gamma-Terpinene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 37.8 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 38.3 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 39.5 %
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 40.9 %
            Limonene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.6 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.6 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.1 %
            Myrcene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.7 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.8 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.9 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.7 %
            P-Cymene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.2 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.2 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.2 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.7 %
            Piperitone [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.9 %
            Sabinene [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.3 %
            Thymol Acetate [1]
               Factor Link Part Location NP Content
 
Low stress (LS2): 66% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Low stress (LS1): 66% of field capacity during vegetative stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.8 %
 
Severe stress (HS): 33% of field capacity during flowering stages
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Control: Irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season
    NP Info    Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 1.7 %

References
1 The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in Satureja hortensis L.