Fresh aerial parts of A. biebersteinii were collected in May and June 2009 at different developmental stages (vegetative, floral budding, flowering and fruit set)from its natural habitat in the Dizin zone, northwest of Tehran, Iran (Latitude: 36° 4′ 52″N, Longitude: 51° 22′ 46″ E, Altitude: 2325-2425 m).

All oil samples from different plant parts and phenological stages were mostly made up of monoterpenoid compounds (88.6 - 99.6%), especially oxygenated ones (52.4 - 82.4%). The oil of the vegetative stage contained high amounts of limonene, 4a-alpha,7-alpha,7a-alpha-nepetalactone, p-cymene and 1,8-cineole. The major constituents in the flower budding stage oil were found to be limonene, 1,8-cineole and 4aalpha-7beta-7aalpha-nepetalactone. In the oil of the fruit set stage, gamma-terpinene, p-cymene and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate were the predominant constituents. On the other hand, the most important compounds from the stem oil were 4a-alpha,7-alpha,7a-alpha-nepetalactone, 1,8-cineole, 4aalpha-7beta-7aalpha-nepetalactone and camphor. 4aalpha-7alpha-7aalpha-nepetalactone, limonene, 1,8-cineole and cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol were found in high concentration in the oil of leaves, whereas 4aalpha-7alpha-7aalpha-nepetalactone, 4aalpha-7beta-7aalpha-nepetalactone, limonene and p-cymene were present in large amounts in the oil of flowers.

The experiments were performed in the experimental field of the Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (Danzhou, Hainan, China; localization 19.52° N, 10⁹.50° E; altitude 118 m; annual average precipitation 1815 mm; annual average temperature 23.5 ℃ ;the soil characteristics are : "Organic matter (g/kg) 11.37;pH 4.94;N (g/kg) 0.51;P (mg/kg) 25.33;K (mg/kg) 33.89). The experimental B. balsamifera plants were one-year old, and were propagated by the seeds collected from B. balsamifera planted in the experimental field of the Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. They were planted with a planting spacing of 80 cm × 80 cm. On the 20th day of each month (from September 2014 to December 2014, which is the traditional harvest time), 30 one-year old B. balsamifera plants were randomly collected. Their young leaves (leaves on young shoots), mature leaves (leaves which are mature but without yellow spots), senescent leaves (leaves with yellow spots and those with dark brown leaf tips), dead leaves (leaves that have turned dark brown), young shoots (stems from buds to 10-20 cm part without woody parts), and young stems (green stems and not completely woody) were collected. These samples were divided into three parts (replicates), dried under shade, and ground to a fine powder (20-mesh sieve), packed in zip-lock bags, and stored in the refrigerator (4 ℃ ) for oil extraction.

Time of growth and type of B. balsamifera plant organs influence the production of oil, its composition, and antioxidant activity. The essential oil level in the young leaves was the highest, followed by mature leaves and senescent leaves, and the oil content was higher in October. A total of 44 compounds were identified. In the essential oils of leaves, the main ingredient is l-borneol, and the content was the highest in senescent leaves and in December. Variations in oil yields did not show the same pattern as the percentages of l-borneol in the essential oil. In the essential oils of young shoots and young stems, the main composition was dimethoxydurene. Therefore, the time of harvest and type of plant organs should be distinguished based on the different harvesting purposes. To extract the volatile oil, the aboveground parts except stems in October should be chosen for harvest. To get a high content of l-borneol in volatile oil, it is more appropriate to select the leaves in December. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and BCB assays in this study, and the results proved that the essential oils of B. balsamifera showed a certain antioxidant activity, and the beta-carotene bleaching activity is far stronger than the DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. The young leaves and young shoots showed stronger antioxidant activity due to the high content of dimethoxydurene, beta-caryophyllene, and alpha-caryophyllene.

Fresh leaf samples of C. salignus were collected on the campus of University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa and Empangeni (Both in KwaZulu-Natal Province) , South Africa.

1,8-Cineole (63.4%), alpha-pinene (17.8%) and E-(beta)-ocimene (6.7%) were the major constituents identified in the KwaDlangezwa sample (Sample A). The Empangeni sample (Sample B) contained only 1,8-cineole (85.4%) and alpha-pinene (6.2%) as the main compounds present in the oil.

Six samples of Cassinia laevis R. Br. (coughbush, wild rosemary) were gathered from Lowood, 45 km west of Brisbane to Murphy's Creek area 100 km west of Brisbane, Australia from 1994 to 1998. Samples were identified by a LAEV prefix. LAEV 1 and LAEV 4 were collected from the roadside verge of the Gatton-Toowoomba bypass road (Lat. 27° 32′ 21″ S; Long. 152° 14′ 28″ E). LAEV 2 and LAEV 5 were collected from a different location in the same area (Lat. 27° 33′ 08″ S; Long. 152° 15′ 00″ E). LAEV 7 were collected from the Murphy's creek area (Lat. 27° 31′ 05″ S; Long. 152° 04′ 15″ E), growing on the roadside and in an adjacent paddock. Sample LAEV 9, was collected from the roadside area of the Warrego Highway (Lat. 27° 32′ 10″ S; Long. 152° 27′ 12″ E). The collected leaf and flower samples had aromas of trampled grass with a slight hint of curry.

Spathulenol was the major compound in flower oils (8-12%) compared to leaf oils (0.3-4.0%) which had ledol(37.5-53.6%) as the major compound.

Cistus ladanifer was collected from two sites, in July-August 2001, after the flowering season. The major quantity was brought from the wild, where the plant was growing in the mountainous region of the center-interior of the country (site 1). A smaller amount was harvested from a cultivated plant in the north of Portugal (site 2) that was propagated from a wild plant found in the dry plain region in the South of Portugal.

Considering the oil composition of cistus plants from different sites, there were found some differences. The cistus oil of site 2 had a high content on the ocimenone isomers, an absence of trans-pinocarveol and unknown (compound 17) and a higher quantity of less volatile compounds such as sclareol oxide and 15-nor-labdan-8-ol. Cistus oil from site 1 was richer in sesquiterpene alcohols and 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone. The amount of ambrox was the same for both oils. Considering the use of fresh or dry plant, the composition of cistus from site 2 was more affected, decreasing the amount of components of middle to high volatility and increasing the amount of the less volatiles. Drying promoted the doubling of the amount of ocimenone isomers in cistus oil from site 2 and of unknown (compound 21) and sesquiperpene alcohol (compound 29) in cistus from site 1. Again the quantity of ambrox was the same for both oils.

Fresh leaves of the E. camaldulensis varieties(var. mysore and var. Catharine) were collected from 12 mature trees growing in Agodi Gardens, Ibadan, Nigeria.

The quantitatively significant constituents in die leaf oil of the two E. camaldulensis varieties were beta-pinene (9.0-17.5%), 1,8-cineole (32.8-70.4%), (Z)-beta-ocimene (11.6%) and alpha-pinene (8.8%). Monoterpenoids also made up the bulk of the two volatile oils (89.0-95.7%).

Plant material was collected at vegetative stage (stems and leaves,September 2005) and at flowering stage (leaves and flowers,December 2004), inCuritiba,Parana state, Brazil.

Thirty-four components were identified, representing more than 80% of total oil. The major components were beta-caryophyllene (flowers-12.8%), caryophyllene oxide (stems-17.2%), globulol (stems-16.5%; leaves-22.5% at vegetative stage and 18.9% at flowering stage), 1-epi-cubenol (stems-10.9%), epi-alpha-muurolol (stems-16.8%) and alpha-cadinol (stems-12.1%; flowers-10.1%).

Samples of M. ericifolia leaves were obtained from 19 locations as follows: DL3104- 3110, Coopernook, New South Wales (NSW), 31° 49′ 31″ S, 152° 36′ 48″ E (Site No. 1); DL3114-3120, Hawks Nest, NSW, 32° 40′ 09″ S, 152° 10′ 12″ E (Site No. 2); DL3240-3244, Hexham, NSW, 32° 48′ 50″ S, 151° 42′ E (Site No. 3); DL3245-3249, The Entrance, NSW, 32° 22′ 24″ S, 151° 28′ 19″ E (Site No. 4); DL3397-3401, Tuggerah Lake, NSW, 33° 21′ S, 151° 27′ E (Site No. 5); DL3250-3254, Georges River, NSW, 33° 58′ 42″ S, 151° 00′ 14″ E (Site No. 6); DL3255-3259, Berry, NSW, 34° 46′ 37″ S, 150° 45′ 27″ E (Site No. 7); DL3260-3264, Lake Durras, NSW, 35° 36′ 00″ S, 150° 16′ 17″ E (Site No. 8); DL3265- 3269, Wallaga Lake, NSW, 36° 23′ 43″ S, 150° 03′ 04″ E (Site No. 9); DL3270-3274, Wallagoot, NSW, 36° 44′ 50″ S, 149° 55′ 46″ E (Site No. 10); DL3275-3279, Genoa, Victoria (Vic), 37° 25′ 56″ S, 149° 38′ 41″ E (Site No. 11); BVG3024- 3028, West of Lakes Entrance, Vic, 37° 48′ S, 148° 03′E (Site No. 12); BVG3014-3018, West of Lang Lang, Vic, 38° 13′ S, 145° 30′ 13″ E (Site No. 13); BVG3019-3023, East of Welshpool, Vic, 38° 38′ 28″ S, 146° 30′53″ E (Site No. 14); ACC1019/1-2, 5-7, Nelson on the Glenelg River, Vic, 38° 03′ S, 141° 00′ E (Site No. 15); KJ1-5, Airport Flinders Island, Tasmania (Tas), 40° 05′ S, 148° 00′ E (Site No. 16); KJ6-10, Lackrana Road Flinders Island, Tas, 40° 18′ S, 148° 06′ E (Site No. 17); ACR1848/1-3, Woolnorth Point, Tas, 40° 38′ 30″ S, 144° 43′ 30″ E (Site No. 18); JB4509, Robins Island Track, Tas, 40° 45′ S, 144°53′E (Site No. 19). The majority of samples were collected during June to December 1999 with the exceptions being sites 5, 15 and 18, which were collected during July to October 2000. Leaf material totaling about 100 g of fresh leaves and twigs was obtained mainly from five widely spaced individual trees per location.

Oil composition varied quantitatively throughout the species range rather than qualitatively in an apparent association with latitude of occurrence. Linalool and linalool oxide were abundant in the oils from the north of the species range in New South Wales with a gradual southerly decline in these compounds to central Victoria with concomitant increase in the proportions of 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol and limonene. The most southerly populations sampled in southern Victoria and Tasmania gave oils containing relatively high proportions of 1,8-cineole (mean 34.5%) and low proportions of linalool (3%). Four populations from the Central Coast of NSW (Coopernook, Hawks Nest, The Entrance and Tuggerah Lake) provided the greatest opportunity of identifying seed trees that combine the attributes required for plantation development. The tree that had the best combination of oil traits (DL 3116 from Hawks Nest) had an oil yield of 4.5%, a linalool content of 60% and a 1,8-cineole content of 16%.

Seedlings of M. quinquenervia were obtained by germinating seeds collected from trees in south Florida. Plants from each chemotype were obtained from vegetative cuttings from trees whose chemotype had previously been determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). All plants were transplanted into larger pots (11.4 L) when about 25 cm tall. These plants were fertilized with 90 g/pot Osmocote Plus 15-9-12, N-P-K (Scotts-Sierra Horticultural Products, Marysville, OH) in a slow-release 'southern' formulation . Plants were grown in a screenhouse that received rainwater and daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for approximately 6 months at which time the plants were about 1 m tall. Three times weekly, leaves were clipped from trees and brought back to the laboratory. As O. vitiosa is a known Xush-feeder, only the silky terminal 15 cm tip leaves of each tree were collected and either used for plant quality analysis or fed to larvae.

M. quinquenervia chemotypes were distinguished by the principal terpenoids E-nerolidol and viridiflorol using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Not only were the terpenoid profiles of the two chemotypes different but the viridiflorol leaves had greater toughness (1.2-fold) and reduced nitrogen (0.7-fold). When the larvae and adults were fed leaves of the E-nerolidol chemotype increased adult biomass (1.1-fold) and fecundity were found (2.6- to 4.5-fold) compared with those fed leaves of the viridiflorol chemotype. Regardless of the larval diet, when adults were fed the E-nerolidol chemotype leaves they had greater egg production compared with those adults fed the viridiflorol leaves. Moreover, adult pre-oviposition period was extended (1.5-fold) when individuals were fed the viridiflorol leaves compared with those fed the E-nerolidol leaves. By rearing the O. vitiosa weevil on the more nutritious chemotype plants these results assisted in the mass production and establishment of the M. quinquenervia biological control agent.

Experimental: Two hundred grams of healthy mature intact leaves were harvested from each of the taxa growing on their own rootstocks at the UC South Coast Research and Extension Center. flocc = P. americana var. floccosa from Mexico D-7; stey = P. americana var. steyermarkii from Mexico El Salvador 3-22-16; nubi = P. americana var. nubigena from Guatemala 45-C-1; mex = P. americena var. drymfolia from Tasco, Mexico; guat = P. americana var. guatemalensis cult. Nimlioh from Florida; bwl = P. ameticana var. americana cult. Trapp from Florida.

Analysis of oils showed the presence of over 90 components, of which 76 were identified. P. schiedeana oil was found to contain alpha-pinene (23.7%), beta-pinene (23.2%) and beta-caryophyllene as major components. The major constituents of P. americana var. floccosa and P. americana var. steyermarkii were alpha-pinene (10.9%, 7.6%), beta-pinene (20.6%, 10.4%), alpha-terpineol (9.6%, 7.9%), beta-caryophyllene (12.6%, 8.4%), viridiflorene (0.1%, 10.3%) and globulol (0.1%, 9.2%), respectively. The oils of P. americana var. nubigena and P. americana var. drymifolia contained alpha-terpineol (18.4%, 393%) and methylchavicol (12.4%, 40.2%), as major components, respectively. P. americana var. guatemalensis was found to be rich in beta-caryophyllene (38.3%), while the oils of P. americana var. americana and P. primatogena contained alpha-pinene (27.5%) and beta-pinene (40.9%), and alpha-pinene (24.6%), beta-caryophyllene (20.7%) and germacene D (10.1%).

Five different populations of P. spicatus were collected in different geographical regions of the northeast of Brazil. Populations I: (Locality: Morro do Chapeu,Bahia, harvesting: 02.19.94); Populations II: (Locality: Maranguape,Ceara, harvesting: 06.01.97); Populations III: (Locality: Jacobina,Bahia, harvesting: 02.19.94); Populations IV: (Locality: Cocalzinho,Ceara, harvesting: 02.22.94); Populations V: (Locality: Sitio dos Moreiras,Pernambuco, harvesting: 02.22.94)

The aliphatic ketones 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone and 2-pentadecanone were present in samples of all populations. 2-Tridecanone (1.7-84.7 %) was detected in 30 out of 34 samples analyzed. It was the main component in all samples of root barks, except one where 2-pentadecanone (24.7%) was the major component. 2-Undecanone, beta-eudesmol and sabinene were the major components of leaf oils.

The branches of pine were collected in July, 1996 in 15 different locations in Lithuania in the following regions: Western part (Silute, Jurbarkas, Kursiu Nerija), Eastern part (Salcininkai, Zarasai, Moletai), Southern part (Varena, Trakai, Radviliskis) and central part (Ukmerge, Jonava, Kaisiadorys). The branches in each location were collected from the trees in approximately 1 km radius.

More than 70 constituents were identified (64 positively and 10 tentatively) in the oils. alpha-Pinene (18.5-33.0%) and delta-3-carene (9.1-24.6%) were dominating constituents with the only one exception when the germacrene-4-ol content in one of the samples was 13.2%. The important bornyl acetate content varied from 0.5% to 3.0%. The main sesquiterpenes were beta-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, delta-cadinene, gamma-cadinene, germacrene D-4-ol, cubenol (2.0-5.1%) and alpha-cadinol (1.9-7.7%).

S. aucheri var. aucheri was collected in Karaman: Ermenek to Mutt Road on July 19,1995; Salvia aucheri var. canescens was collected in Karaman: Ermenek, Tekecati Valley on July 19,1995.

Eighty components were characterized in the Salvia aucheri var. aucheri oil, with camphor (21.1%), 1, 8-cineole (20.3%), borneol (7.8%), spathulenol (6.3%) and camphene (5.3%) as major constituents. 1, 8-Cineole (25.2%), camphor (17.9%), borneol (10.6%), alpha-pinene (5.4%) and camphene (5.3%) were identified as major constituents among the 88 components characterized in the oil of Salvia aucheri var. canescens.

Aerial parts of both varieties(Salvia euphratica Montbret et Aucher ex Benth. var. euphratica and Salvia euphratica Montbret et Aucher ex Benth. var. leiocalycina) were collected in Malatya, Turkey in June 1999.

Ninety-five compounds in var. euphratica and 94 compounds in var. leiocalycina were characterized representing 93% and 95% of the total components detected, respectively, with 1,8-cineole (13.8% and 15.2%) and myrtenyl acetate (15.9% and 13.9%) as main constituents.

Aerial parts were collected in Van and Erzurum in eastern Turkey. A) Van: Van to Ercis road 35th km on June 8, 2001 at an altitude of 1850 m. B) Erzurum: Campus area of Ataturk University on July 30, 2001 at an altitude of 1850 m.

Dried aerial parts of S. limbata collected from two localities in Turkey. Oils yielded similar compositions: 70-80% of the oil consisted of monoterpenes and 15-20% of sesquiterpenes. The Erzurum sample contained 3.7% of a diterpene identifi ed as 8,13-epoxy-15,16-dinor-labd-12-ene. Alpha-Pinene or 1,8-cineolerich Salvia oils are used as herbal tea in Turkey.

Plant materials were collected from the following localities. A: Antalya: Alanya, Sapadere, Beldibi-Baskoy in July 1991 (ESSE 9562). B: Icel: Anamur, Kas yaylasi in July 1991 (ESSE 9192).

Thirty-nine components were characterized in each oil representing 85-90% of the total components detected with beta-pinene (34-35%) and alpha-pinene (24-25%) as major constituents.

Talauma ovata was collected from October 2003 to February 2005. Leaves and trunk bark from the same set of plants were collected in the four seasons: spring (October 15th, 2003), autumn (April 10th, 2004), winter (July 17th, 2004) and summer (February 15th, 2005). In addition, trunk bark was also collected on January 22nd, 2004 (summer). The plant material was harvested from wild-growing population in Santos Dumont City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, (21° 28′ 03″ S, 43° 39′ 26″ W), at 1000 m of altitude.

In each season the composition of trunk bark oils was similar to leaf oils, with mainly quantitative differences. However considerable seasonal variation was observed. Significant levels of monoterpenes were found only in autumn. The content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes was highest in samples of spring (October) and decreased in summer (January and February), reaching the lowest level in autumn (April) and increasing again in winter (July). In trunk bark oils the main constituents were: spathulenol, alpha-eudesmol, linalool, trans-beta-guaiene and caryophyllene oxide. The major component in all samples of trunk bark was spathulenol. Its level was highest in October (46.8%), decreased in January (33.3%), remained stable in April and July (18.0%) and increased again in February of next year (27.7%). Levels of alpha-eudesmol were high in spring (13.0%) and autumn (11.5%). Linalool peaked only in April, while trans-beta-guaiane peaked in July (11.1%). Caryophyllene oxide ranged between 10.7-2.0%. The level was highest in January, decreased regularly until July and increased slightly again in October. In leaf oils the main components were: spathulenol, germacrene B, germacrene D, caryophyllene oxide and viridiflorol. Spathulenol was the major component in sample of spring (34.4%), but decreased gradually until winter, when reached the lowest level (9.4%). Caryophyllene oxide showed a similar pattern, varying from 14.1% (spring) to 2.4% (winter). An inverse effect was observed for viridiflorol, which increased from 0.1% in October to 13.7% in July. Important levels of alpha-eudesmol were observed in October (12.3%) and February (9.5%). The percentage of germacrene D was highest in summer, while germacrene B showed high amounts in autumn and winter. The seasonal changes in oil composition of T. ovata can be associated with cycle of life of plant (flowering, fruiting and vegetative stages) and climatic parameters such as intense raining in the spring and summer.

Plant materials were collected from the following localities in north western Turkey. A = Trabzon: Caykara, Soganli dag on July 28, 1994; B = Bayburt: Caykara, Mohakambo yaylasi on July 25, 1994; C = Trabzon: Koprubasi, Vizara yaylasi on July 20, 1994.

One hundred and four compounds were identified representing 97.5-99.5% of the total components detected in thymol/carvacrol (50.14/10.67%), thymol/linalool (23.14/20.24%) and linalool/alpha-terpinyl acetate/geraniol (21.55/16.70/11.17%) rich oils.