Details of Natural Product (NP)

General Information of Natural Product (ID: NP0848)
  Natural Product Name
Fumaric Acid
  Synonyms
fumaric acid; 110-17-8; 2-Butenedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; Allomaleic acid; fumarate; Lichenic acid; Boletic acid; (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid; Tumaric acid; But-2-enedioic acid; trans-2-Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; Allomalenic acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; Kyselina fumarova; 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-; USAF EK-P-583; Butenedioic acid, (E)-; (2E)-2-butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-; Fumaricum acidum; Caswell No. 465E; FEMA No. 2488; FEMA Number 2488; 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid; NSC-2752; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E); CCRIS 1039; HSDB 710; U-1149; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201; Fumaric acid (NF); Fumaric acid [NF]; UNII-88XHZ13131; AI3-24236; CHEBI:18012; NSC2752; FC 33; MFCD00002700; 88XHZ13131; 6915-18-0; fum; 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-, homopolymer; E297; Lichenic acid (VAN); DSSTox_CID_1518; (E)-2-Butenedioate; (E)-Butenedioic acid; DSSTox_RID_76195; DSSTox_GSID_21518; Kyselina fumarova [Czech]; (2E)-but-2-enedioate; Fumarsaeure; Donitic acid; 9003-16-1; CAS-110-17-8; fumarate, 10; E-2-Butenedioic acid; Fumaric acid (8CI); EINECS 203-743-0; FC 33 (acid); Futrans-2-Butenedioic Acid; BRN 0605763; Allomaleate; Boletate; Lichenate; Allomaleic-acid; fumeric acid; Boletic-acid; Modified Gumrosin; trans-Butenedioate; NCGC00091192-02; Fumaric Acid,(S); Maleic Acid (MA); Fumaric acid solution; trans-2-Butenedioate; Fumaric Acid (FA); 2-(E)-Butenedioate; Fumaric acid, 99%; (Trans)-butenedioic acid; F0067; Fumaric acid, >=99%; bmse000083; EC 203-743-0; WLN: QV1U1VQ-T; SCHEMBL1177; 4-02-00-02202 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); MLS002454406; 2-butenedioic acid, (2E)-; (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid #; CHEMBL503160; INS NO.297; Fumaric Acid (Fragrance Grade); trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate; DTXSID3021518; BDBM26122; CHEBI:22958; INS-297; HMS2270C12; Pharmakon1600-01301022; Fumaric acid, >=99.0% (T); AMY30339; STR02646; ZINC3860193; Tox21_201769; Tox21_302826; 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)- (9CI); Fumaric acid, >=99%, FCC, FG; NSC760395; s4952; AKOS000118896; Fumaric acid, qNMR Standard for DMSO; CCG-266065; CS-W016599; DB01677; HY-W015883; NSC-760395; NCGC00091192-01; NCGC00091192-03; NCGC00256360-01; NCGC00259318-01; BP-13087; Fumaric acid, tested according to USP/NF; LS-12976; SMR000112117; Fumaric acid, puriss., >=99.5% (T); E-297; Fumaric acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%; 1, (E); C00122; D02308; Q139857; Fumaric acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile:Water; Fumaric acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture; J-002389; Fumarate; 2-Butenedioic acid; Trans-Butenedioic acid; F8886-8257; Fumaric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R); 26B3632D-E93F-4655-90B0-3C17855294BA; Fumaric acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), >=99%; Fumaric acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; Fumaric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; Fumaric acid solution, TraceCERT(R), 1H-qNMR Standard, 1 mg/g in D2O; Fumaric Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; Fumaric acid, PharmaGrade, USP/NF, Manufactured under appropriate GMP controls for pharma or biopharmaceutical production.
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  Formula C4H4O4
  Weight 116.07
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure Download 2D Structure Download
  InChI InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
  InChI Key VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
  Isomeric SMILES C(=C/C(=O)O)\\C(=O)O
  Canonical SMILES C(=CC(=O)O)C(=O)O
  External Links PubChem ID 444972
CAS ID 110-17-8
HIT ID C0086
CHEMBL ID CHEMBL503160
  NP Activity Charts   Click to show/hide
  Activity Info  

 The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s)
      Species Name: Brassica juncea (var. RLC-1)
  Factor Name: CdCl2 Treatment; Earthworms Treatment [1]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions using plastic pots having lower diameter of 7.8 cm, upper diameter of 13.5 cm and 12 cm in height. The soil was collected from the top layer (0-20 cm) from the Botanical Garden of the university. Soil was air dried crushed and sieved through 2 mm filter autoclaved at 121 ℃ for 2 h. The soil was autoclaved to exclude soil pathogens and other microorganisms if any. The autoclaved soil was poured in pots and kept in the growth chamber. The pots were filled with 500 g uncontaminated soil and partially decayed compost (cow manure) (2:1) and was used as growing medium. The cow dung was added into the soil for better performance of earthworms. A subsample of the study soil before mixing with compost was analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics. The soil used for the experiment was sandy loam soil having pH 7.8 , EC (Electrical conductivity) (µS/cm) =184.25 , TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) (mg/kg) = 130 , N (Nitrogen) (mg/kg) = 103 , P (Phosphorus) (mg/kg) = 10.6 , K (Potassium) (mg/kg) = 0.343 , %OC = 0.894, Cd (mg/kg) = ND (not detected by AAS).The Cd treatment was given by using anhydrous CdCl2 (Minimum assay: 95.0%) procured from Hi-Media laboratories. The CdCl2 anhydrous was added to the soil to make different concentrations of Cd 0.50 mM, 0.75 mM, 1.00 mM, and 1.25 mM (i.e. 56 mg/Kg , 84 mg/Kg , 112 mg/Kg and 140 mg/Kg respectively). The various treatments given are as shown below:(1)C0 (Control): (Cadmium absence);(2)C1: (0.5 mM Cd);(3)C2: (0.75 mM Cd);(4)C3: (1.00 mM Cd);(5)C4: (1.25 mM Cd).Each Cd treatment was given in soils without as well as with earthworms (WTE = without, WE = with earthworms). Earthworms (3 earthworms per pot) were inoculated after seven days of Cd treatment and incubated for 7 d in soil with earthworms. The seeds after surface sterilization were sown in soil containing different concentration of Cd and earthworms in plastic pots. These pots were kept in seed germinator under controlled conditions i.e. 25 ℃ temperature and 16:8 h dark: light photoperiod (1700 lx) for 15 d. Seedlings were harvested after 15 d followed by washing with distilled water. The growth and biochemical analysis was done on these seedlings.
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               Factor Function
Increased Cd uptake in plants in presence of earthworms enhances the total antioxidative capacity, metal chelating compounds and content of other antioxidants in plants grown under metal polluted soils. Earthworms can improve plant growth by improving nutrient availability to plants through their vermicasting activity. Their role in modifying soil pH and increasing metal phytoavailability made their use ideal in phytoremediation of polluted soils. Increased uptake and accumulation of Cd in plants activates the antioxidative system of plants takes place by addition of earthworms to soil.
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               Mechanism
The gene expression for the key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism was studied to understand the role of earthworms in organic acid metabolism in plants under Cd metal stress. It was observed that in comparison to control (C0) seedlings the expression of CS, SUCLG1, SDH and FH was enhanced 1.72, 1.58, 1.65 and 1.88 folds in seedlings given C4 treatment with 1.25 mM dose of Cd respectively . However, after supplementation of earthworms to Cd treated soils given C4 treatment resulted in further enhancement in expression of CS (2.53 fold), SUCLG1 (2.35 fold), SDH (2.13 fold) and FH (3.06 fold) .
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
0.5 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.369 ± 0.006 mg/g
 
0.75 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.380 ± 0.005 mg/g
 
1.00 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.390 ± 0.002 mg/g
 
1.25 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.394 ± 0.002 mg/g
 
0 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.374 ± 0.003 mg/g
 
0 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.365 ± 0.004 mg/g
 
0.5 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.368 ± 0.012 mg/g
 
0.75 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.389 ± 0.005 mg/g
 
1.00 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.404 ± 0.008 mg/g
 
1.25 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
 NA Ludhiana, India.
NP Content: 0.421 ± 0.009 mg/g
References
1 Role of earthworms in phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) by modulating the antioxidative potential of Brassica juncea L.