The endophytic fungus A. austroafricanus strain was isolated under aseptic conditions from fresh, healthy leaves of E. crassipes. The fresh plant was gathered at the end of 2014 close to the shore of the Nile branch in Mansoura, Egypt. Cocultivation Experiment of A. austroafricanus with B. subtilis 168 trpC2: Fermentation of the fungus with the bacteria in coculture was conducted in an Erlenmeyer flask (1 L) on solid rice medium. Fifteen Erlenmeyer flasks (5 flasks for axenic A. austroafricanus, 5 for cocultures of A. austroafricanus and B. subtilis, and 5 for axenic B. subtilis) containing 60.0 mL of distilled water and 50.0 g of commercially available milk rice (Milch-Reis, ORYZA) each were autoclaved before inoculating the fungus and the bacterium. An overnight culture of B. subtilis grown in lysogeny broth (LB) was used to inoculate prewarmed LB medium (1:20), which was then incubated at 37 ℃ with shaking at 200 rpm to mid exponential growth phase (optical density at 600 nm of 0.2-0.4). To the rice medium was added 10 mL of the bacterial culture followed by incubation for 4 days at 37 ℃. After 4 days five pieces (1 cm × 1 cm) of A. austroafricanus growing on malt agar were added to the flasks that had been preincubated with B. subtilis. Fungal and bacterial controls were grown axenically on solid rice medium. Cocultures and axenic cultures of A. austroafricanus and B. subtilis were kept at 23 ℃ under static conditions until they reached their stationary phase of growth (2 weeks for controls of A. austroafricanus and bacteria; 4 weeks for cocultures). Cocultivation Experiment of A. austroafricanus with S. lividans TK24: Fifteen Erlenmeyer flasks (5 flasks for axenic A. austroafricanus, 5 for coculture of A. austroafricanus and S. lividans, and 5 for axenic S. lividans) containing 60.0 mL of yeast malt (YM) medium and 50.0 g of commercially available milk rice (Milch-Reis, ORYZA) each were autoclaved before inoculating the fungus and the bacterium. An overnight culture of S. lividans was used to inoculate prewarmed YM medium (1:20), which was then incubated at 30 ℃ with shaking at 200 rpm to mid exponential growth phase. This preculture was then incubated in fresh YM medium overnight to reach mid exponential growth phase. After that, to the rice medium was added a 10 mL volume of the bacterial culture, followed by incubation for 6 days at 30 ℃; then, the same steps as previously described under B. subtilis 168 trpC2 were taken. The fungal strain was cultivated axenically on solid rice medium, prepared by autoclaving 100 g of rice and 100 mL of water in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Fermentation was carried out in five Erlenmeyer flasks for 21 days at 25 ℃ under static conditions. After 21 days' fermentation, the fungal culture in each flask was exhaustively extracted with ethyl acetate overnight (3 × 500 mL) followed by filtration and solvent evaporation under reduced pressure.

Fungal material: The fungus P. citrinum (strain no. TPDTF1.4) was isolated under sterile conditions from the flowers of O. tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) collected in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia in 2011. The fungal strain was cultivated on rice or white beans, which were prepared by autoclaving 100 g rice or beans and 100 mL water in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Fermentation was performed on rice medium in one flask for 27 days at room temperature under static conditions. Meanwhile a static cultivation was conducted on beans medium in two flasks for 17 days at room temperature.

The fungal strain used in this study was isolated from the fresh tissue from leaves of Sonneratia apetala, which was collected in September 2012 from Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, China. The fungus Penicillium sp. ZJ-SY2 was fermented on autoclaved rice solid-substrate medium (sixty 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 50 g rice and 50 mL 3% of saline water) for 30 days at 25 ℃ .