Acrostalagmus luteoalbus TK-43 was isolated from the fresh tissue of the marine green alga Codium fragile collected in Sinop, Turkey, in May 2015. For chemical investigation, the fresh mycelia of A. luteoalbus TK-43 were initially grown on PDA medium at 28 ℃ for 4 days and then were used as seed culture to be inoculated for 40 days at room temperature in 1 L conical flasks with solid rice medium (each flask contained 70 g rice, 0.2 g corn flour, 0.3 g peptone, 0.5 g yeast extract, 0.1 g sodium glutamate, 0.1 g methionine, 70 mg magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 2 mg ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, and 100 mL naturally sourced and filtered seawater, which was obtained from the Huiquan Gulf of the Yellow Sea near the campus of IOCAS, pH 6.5-7.0).

The fungus Ampelomyces sp. was isolated from fresh healthy flowers of Urospermum picroides (L.) F.W. Schmidt growing in the wild. The plant was collected in April 2004 near Alexandria, Egypt. Mass growth of the fungus for the isolation and identification of new metabolites was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks (1 l each). The fungus was grown in liquid Wickerham medium (3 g yeast extract, 3 g malt extract, 5 g peptone, 10 g glucose, distilled water added up to 1000 ml, pH adjusted to 7.2-7.4) or on rice solid medium (to 100 g commercially available rice was added 100 ml of distilled water and kept overnight prior to autoclaving) at room temperature under static conditions for 21 or 30 days, respectively.

The fungal strain of Alternaria sp. hh930 was isolated from fresh stems of Isodon sculponeatus that were collected from Weishan County, Dali City, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, in September 2014. The fungal strain was cultured on slants of potato dextrose agar at 28 ℃ for 7 days. Agar plugs were cut into small pieces (about 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm³) under aseptic conditions, and 10 pieces were used to inoculate three Erlenmeyer flasks (250 mL), each containing 50 mL of media (0.4% glucose, 1% malt extract, and 0.4% yeast extract); the final pH of the media was adjusted to 7.0, and the flasks were sterilized by autoclave. Three flasks of the inoculated media were incubated at 28 ℃ on a rotary shaker at 170 rpm for 5 days to prepare the seed culture. Spore inoculum was prepared in sterile, distilled H₂O to give a final spore/cell suspension of 1 × 10⁶/mL. Fermentation was carried out on solid rice medium in 30 Fernbach flasks (500 mL, 90 mL distilled water was added to 80g rice and kept overnight before autoclaving). Each flask was inoculated with 5.0 mL of the spore inoculum and incubated for 40 days at 28 ℃ in a static incubator.

The fungus used in this study was isolated from the healthy leaf of the marine mangrove Kandelia candel, which were collected in April 2012 from Shankou Mangrove Nature Reserve in Guangxi Province, China. The fungus was grown on solid cultured medium in 80 Erlenmeyer flasks (each containing 100g rice and 150 mL 0.3% saline) for 35 days at room temperature under static condition.

The endophytic fungus A. austroafricanus strain was isolated under aseptic conditions from fresh, healthy leaves of E. crassipes. The fresh plant was gathered at the end of 2014 close to the shore of the Nile branch in Mansoura, Egypt. Cocultivation Experiment of A. austroafricanus with B. subtilis 168 trpC2: Fermentation of the fungus with the bacteria in coculture was conducted in an Erlenmeyer flask (1 L) on solid rice medium. Fifteen Erlenmeyer flasks (5 flasks for axenic A. austroafricanus, 5 for cocultures of A. austroafricanus and B. subtilis, and 5 for axenic B. subtilis) containing 60.0 mL of distilled water and 50.0 g of commercially available milk rice (Milch-Reis, ORYZA) each were autoclaved before inoculating the fungus and the bacterium. An overnight culture of B. subtilis grown in lysogeny broth (LB) was used to inoculate prewarmed LB medium (1:20), which was then incubated at 37 ℃ with shaking at 200 rpm to mid exponential growth phase (optical density at 600 nm of 0.2-0.4). To the rice medium was added 10 mL of the bacterial culture followed by incubation for 4 days at 37 ℃. After 4 days five pieces (1 cm × 1 cm) of A. austroafricanus growing on malt agar were added to the flasks that had been preincubated with B. subtilis. Fungal and bacterial controls were grown axenically on solid rice medium. Cocultures and axenic cultures of A. austroafricanus and B. subtilis were kept at 23 ℃ under static conditions until they reached their stationary phase of growth (2 weeks for controls of A. austroafricanus and bacteria; 4 weeks for cocultures). Cocultivation Experiment of A. austroafricanus with S. lividans TK24: Fifteen Erlenmeyer flasks (5 flasks for axenic A. austroafricanus, 5 for coculture of A. austroafricanus and S. lividans, and 5 for axenic S. lividans) containing 60.0 mL of yeast malt (YM) medium and 50.0 g of commercially available milk rice (Milch-Reis, ORYZA) each were autoclaved before inoculating the fungus and the bacterium. An overnight culture of S. lividans was used to inoculate prewarmed YM medium (1:20), which was then incubated at 30 ℃ with shaking at 200 rpm to mid exponential growth phase. This preculture was then incubated in fresh YM medium overnight to reach mid exponential growth phase. After that, to the rice medium was added a 10 mL volume of the bacterial culture, followed by incubation for 6 days at 30 ℃; then, the same steps as previously described under B. subtilis 168 trpC2 were taken. The fungal strain was cultivated axenically on solid rice medium, prepared by autoclaving 100 g of rice and 100 mL of water in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Fermentation was carried out in five Erlenmeyer flasks for 21 days at 25 ℃ under static conditions. After 21 days' fermentation, the fungal culture in each flask was exhaustively extracted with ethyl acetate overnight (3 × 500 mL) followed by filtration and solvent evaporation under reduced pressure.

Fungal material: The endophytic fungus was isolated from the fresh stems of Markhamia platycalyx family (Bignoniaceae) collected in October 2010 from Al-Zohriya gardens (Al-Zamalek, Giza, Egypt). Small-scale fermentation: A small-scale fermentation was carried out in two Erlenmeyer flasks (1 L each) on rice medium, which was prepared with 100 g of rice powder and approximately 100 mL of demineralized water just enough to cover the rice layer. The rice media was autoclaved prior to fungal inoculation. A 15-day fungal inoculum grown on petri dish was inoculated on the sterile rice medium and was allowed to grow at room temperature under static condition for 30 days. Medium-scale 30-day rice culture fermentation: A medium scale fermentation was performed in 10 Erlenmeyer flasks (1 L each) on rice solid medium for 30 days under same condition applied to small scale culture.

The fungus Aspergillus micronesiensis was isolated from the root of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Phyllanthus glaucus, collected from LuShan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, China (2015). The strain was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 5 days to prepare the seed culture. Agar plugs were inoculated into 150 sterilized Erlenmeyer flasks (1 L), each containing 200 g of rice and 200 mL of water. All flasks were incubated at 25 ℃ for 5 weeks.

The fungus was obtained from the air-dried tubers of Pinellia ternate which were collected from the suburb of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, in May 2015. After culturing on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28 ℃ for 7 days, sixteen pieces of the agar were transferred into four Erlenmeyer flasks (250 mL) containing 80 mL of potato dextrose liquid medium, which were further incubated at 120 rpm for 6 days to prepare the seed culture. A total of twelve Erlenmeyer flasks (500 mL), each containing 80 g of rice and 120 mL of distilled water were taken for fermentation. All flasks were sterilized at 115 ℃ for 20 min and incubated with 20 mL of seed culture to ferment at 28 ℃ for 30 days.

The endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. CPCC 400735 was isolated from the plant Kadsura longipedunculata collected in Leishan of Guizhou province, China. The strain was cultured on PDA (0.3% potato extract, 2% glucose, 1.5% agar power) at 28 ℃ for 5 days. Under aseptic conditions, agar plugs were cut into small pieces and inoculated in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 100 mL of seed medium [glucose 2%, sucrose 1%, soybean powder 0.2%, peptone 1%, K₂HPO₄ 0.03%, poly(ethylene glycol) 0.25%, NaNO₃ 0.3%, and (NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.3%; the final pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.0 before sterilization with an autoclave at 121 ℃ for 20 min]. Cultures were incubated in flasks at 28 ℃ on a rotary shaker at 190 rpm for 2 days to prepare the seed culture. We filled each of 32 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 80 g of rice and 120 mL of distilled H₂O. After soaking for 5 h, the contents were sterilized with an autoclave at 121 ℃ for 20 min. After cooling to room temperature, each flask was inoculated with 10 mL of seed culture and incubated at 28 ℃ for 40 days.

Endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp. ZJ-58, which was isolated from the genuine medicinal plant Coptis chinensis in Chongqing after solid-state fermentation on rice and silica gel, µI, and HPLC based separation.

Leaves of Senna spectabilis were collected in the Araraquara Cerrado area, in June 2001, Araraquara, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. The strain CL-06, identified as Phaeoacremonium sp., was inoculated in a Petri dish containing potato dextrose agar and incubated for 7 days. After this period, preinoculi were incubated in potato dextrose broth (5.6 L, total volume) and incubated at 160 rpm, under controlled temperature (25 °C) for 28 days.

The plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae) was collected in the botanical garden of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in July of 2014 (Summer). The strain was collected from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae) in August of 2014 (Summer). The fungal strain was fermented on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28 ℃ for 5 days to perform the seed cultures. Then, the PDA medium was cut into small pieces (approximately 0.3 cm × 0.3 cm × 0.3 cm) and inoculated into 200 × 1000 mL sterilized Erlenmeyer flasks containing 300 mL distilled water and 300 g rice, and cultured at 28 ℃ for 30 days.

The healthy leaves of Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsl were collected at Cuiping Hill on the campus of China Three Gorges University. The Aspergillus versicolor (No. 65) was cultured on a solid rice medium (140 g rice + 70 g bran + 200 mL tap water) in ten 3000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks at room temperature for 40 days.

The endophytic fungal strain KJ-1 was isolated from the symptomless tissue of stem bark of M. azedarach L., which was collected at Yangling, Shaanxi province, China, in August 2011. The producing strain was cultured on a plate of potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28 ± 0.5 °C for 5 days. Then one piece (approximately 7 mm2) of mycelium was inoculated aseptically to 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 20 mL of PD liquid medium, and the seed liquids were incubated at 28 ± 0.5 °C for 3 days on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm. A suspension (100 µL) of the seed liquid was inoculated aseptically to 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 60 g of rice and 90 mL of distilled water. There were 300 flasks in total, and the flask cultures were incubated at 28 ± 0.5 °C for 4 weeks.

Inoculated on sterile PDA plate medium with a diameter of 6 cm, cultured at 28 ℃ for 5 d, until the colonies covered the entire medium plate, and cut into tissues of about 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm under sterile conditions. The organization block is reserved. 60 g of rice and 80 mL of water were added to a 500-mL conical flask, wrapped in tin foil, sterilized by autoclaving at 121 ℃ for 20 min, taken out and placed at room temperature for later use. Inoculate the culture medium blocks with bacteria into the rice medium under aseptic conditions, 2-3 blocks per bottle, and incubate them at 28 ℃ for 30 d.

The strain of Colletotrichum sp. S8 was isolated from the stems of fresh Rubia podantha collected from the Kunming Botanical Garden (102° 44′ 39.50″ E, 25° 08′ 17.86″ N) in August 2015. The fungal strain Colletotrichum sp. S8 was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28 ℃. After 4 days, the agar plugs were cut into small fragments in aseptic conditions, inoculated to 28 erlenmeyer flasks containing rice medium (220 mL deionized water and 180 g rice, sterilized in 121 &#8451 for 30 min), and then fermented at 28 ℃ for 35 days.

The fungal strain Cosmospora vilior IM2-155 was isolated from the mangrove plants collected at Pagandaran (latitude: -7 ° 78, longitude:108 ° 65), West Java, Indonesia. This strain IM2-155 was cultivated on sterile steamed unpolished rice with 2% NaCl in water (total 540 g, 20 g/petri dish × 27) at 25 ℃ for three weeks.

The healthy leaves of the curry plant (Murraya koenigii) were collected from the garden of medicinal plants, Department of Pharmacy, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. The fungal strain M12 was subcultured on M2 agar medium and incubated at 25 °C for 3 days. Rice (200 g) and tap water (130 mL) were added into each of 24 P-flasks and then sterilized (121 °C for 15 min). The P-flasks were inoculated with well-grown agar cultures of the strain M12 (pieces 1 × 1 cm) and incubated at 30 °C for 25 days.

The fungal strain T12 was isolated from the stem bark of Rauwolfia macrophylla (Apocynaceae) collected from Mount Kalla in Cameroon. Inocula of the endophytic fungus Curvularia sp. T12 were introduced to five 1L-flasks, each containing sterilized solid-rice medium (100 g rice, 100 mL distilled water, followed by sterilization in an autoclave). The flasks were incubated at room temperature (25 ℃ ) for 21 days.

The fungus Epicoccum sp., isolate CAFTBO, was obtained from the stem bark and leaves of Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae) collected from Mount Kala, near Yaounde, Centre Province, Republic of Cameroon, in September 2008. For large-scale fermentation, the producing strain (Epicoccum sp. CAFTBO) was cultured on YMG agar (2 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L malt extract, 5 g/L glucose, 15 g/L agar) at 25 °C for 6 d. Agar plugs were used to inoculate five P-flasks, each containing 300 g of rice and 350 mL of distilled water. The cultures were incubated at room temperature for 6 weeks.

In March 2013, Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC. (Asteraceae) was obtained from the wildly growing plant at Al-Azhar University campus. A sample from preserved fungus (FuC/March 2013) was cultivated on solid rice cultures (10 Erlenmeyer flasks × 1L). The cultures were incubated at room temperature under a septic condition for 30 days.

Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC. (Asteraceae) was collected in March 2013 from the plant wildly growing at campus of Al-Azhar University. The fresh culture was transmitted into rice solid cultures (15 Erlenmeyer flasks, 1L each). The cultures have been incubated under septic conditions for 30 days at room temperature.

In brief, commercial finger millet seeds originating from India were germinated and grown in pails of Turface clay placed in the field (Arkell Field Station, Arkell, ON, Canada, GPS: 43°39′ N, 80°25′ W, and 375 m above sea level). At the pre-flowering stage, five samples were collected from seeds, intact roots and shoots. For large scale fermentation, each endophyte was fermented in 2 L flasks (five flasks per each endophyte) containing 50 g white rice and 100 mL H₂O. The flasks were incubated at 25 °C for 30 days without shaking.

Fungal material: The endophytic fungus, Fusarium solani JK10, was isolated from the roots of Chlorophora regia (Moraceae) collected from Asakraka forest (6° 37′ 48,39″ N 0° 41′ 6,87″ W) in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Prior to isolation of endophytes the plant material was surface sterilized. The cladodes and flowers were washed thoroughly with water for 10 and 3 minutes respectively, immersed in 70 % ethanol for 1-2 minute, 5.25 % Sodium hypochlorite for 2-5 minutes and again 70 % ethanol for 30-60 seconds. To finish, the surface sterilized plant parts were washed with sterilized distilled water and allowed to dry inside a laminar flow cabinet. Small pieces of tissue were cut from the surface sterilized plant material and placed on dishes with starch yeast peptone agar (SYP)media. The endophytic fungi that immerged from the tissues were transferred on to new PDA dishes and sequential sub culturing was done until pure cultures were obtained. Each pure fungal culture was grown on five freshly prepared PDA dishes and after 14-21 days depending on the growth of the fungus, the mycelium plus the medium was cut into small pieces and extracted with 200 mL of ethyl acetate for 24 hours. The ethyl acetate was filtered and the filtrate evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residues were screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive Bacillus subtilis (UBC 344), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300), Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 33591), Gram negative Escherichia coli (UBC 8161), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) at 200 mcg per disc using the agar disc diffusion method. Large scale culturing: For large-scale fermentation, the fungal strain was first cultured on PDA at room temperature (RT) for 7 days. The agar plugs from the cultivated plate was cut into small pieces aseptically, inoculated on solid rice media in 20 flasks (1000 mL) each containing 80 g of rice, 120 mL of water and 0.3% peptone. The inoculated rice media were then incubated at RT for 60 days.

The endophytic fungus was isolated from fresh, healthy rhizomes of Aristolochia paucinervis collected in January 2006 from the mountains of Beni-Mellal, Morocco. Cocultivation Experiment of F. tricinctum with B. subtilis 168 trpC2: Growth of fungus and bacteria in coculture for isolation and identification of metabolites was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks (1 L). The fungal and bacterial strains were cultivated on solid rice media. Twenty-four Erlenmeyer flasks (eight flasks for F. tricinctum alone, eight for coculture of F. tricinctum and B. subtilis, and eight for B. subtilis alone) containing 60 mL of distilled water and 50 g of commercially available milk rice (Milch-Reis, ORYZA) each were autoclaved before inoculating the fungus and the bacterium. B. subtilis was grown in lysogeny broth (LB). An overnight culture of B. subtilis was used to inoculate prewarmed LB medium (1:20), which was then incubated at 37 ℃ with shaking at 200 rpm to mid exponential growth phase (optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.2-0.4). A 10 mL amount of the bacterial culture was added to the rice medium, which was further incubated for 6 days at 37 ℃ After this preincubation, F. tricinctum grown on malt agar (5 pieces, 1 cm × 1 cm) was added to the rice medium containing bacteria (after 6 days incubation) under sterile conditions. Fungal and bacterial controls were grown axenically on rice medium. Coculture and axenic cultures of F. tricinctum or B. subtilis were kept under static conditions at 23 ℃ until they reached their stationary phase of growth (2 weeks for controls of F. tricinctum and 3 weeks for cocultures).

Hence, the production of (-)-citreoisocoumarin induced by coculture of F. tricinctum and B. subtilis might be a result of the competition for nutrients between fungus and bacterium.

All plant samples were obtained from adult specimens collected in Brazil (savannah, Atlantic forest and Amazon rainforest). Five 2-mm-diameter plugs of the culture of Mycosphaerella sp. were inoculated into each of 600 Petri dishes (90-mm diameter) containing 20 ml of PDA. The plates were incubated at 25±2 °C for 15 days.

The endophytic fungus Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12 (GenBank accession number HQ731647) was isolated from the healthy stems of the 'Neva' hybrid of Populus deltoides Marsh × P. nigra L.. The fungus was cultured on PDA (potato 200 g/L, dextrose 20 g/L and agar 20 g/L) medium in Petri dishes at 25 °C for 10 days. For seed culture, two to three plugs of agar medium (0.5 × 0.5 cm) with fungal cultures were inoculated in each 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium, and incubated on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm and 25 °C for 5 days. For fermentation culture, about 50 mycelium pellets were inoculated in each 1,000-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 300 mL PDB medium, and incubated on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm and 25 °C for 20 days.

The culture of P. brasiliense Verkley was isolated from branches of Acer truncatum Bunge on Dongling Mountain, Beijing, in March, 2005. The fungal strain was cultured on slants of potato dextrose agar at 25 ℃ for 10 days. Agar plugs were cut into small pieces (about 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm³) under aseptic conditions, 15 pieces were used to inoculate in three Erlenmeyer flasks (250 mL), each containing 50 mL of media (0.4% glucose, 1% malt extract, and 0.4% yeast extract), and the final pH of the media was adjusted to 6.5. After sterilization, three flasks of the inoculated media were incubated at 25 ℃ on a rotary shaker at 170 rpm for five days to prepare the seed culture. Spore inoculum was prepared by suspending the seed culture in sterile, distilled H₂O to give a final spore/cell suspension of 1 × 10⁶/mL. Fermentation was carried out in 12 Fernbach flasks (500 mL), each containing 80 g of rice. Distilled H₂O (120 mL) was added to each flask, and the contents were soaked overnight before autoclaving at 15 psi for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, each flask was inoculated with 5.0 mL of the spore inoculum and incubated at 25 ℃ for 40 days.

The endophytic fungus Penicillium chermesinum EN-480 was isolated from the marine red alga Pterocladiella tenuis, which was collected at Rongcheng, Shandong Province of P. R. China, in July 2014. The fungal strain P. chermesinum EN-480 was grown on PDA medium at 28 ℃ for 4 days, which was inoculated statically for 30 days in 90 × 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks with rice solid medium at room temperature (each flask contained 70 g of rice, 0.1 g of corn flour, 0.3 g of peptone, 0.1 g of sodium glutamate, and 100 mL of natural, filtered seawater that was obtained from the Huiquan Gulf of the Yellow Sea near the campus of IOCAS, pH 6.5-7.0).

In brief, commercial finger millet seeds originating from India were germinated and grown in pails of Turface clay placed in the field (Arkell Field Station, Arkell, ON, Canada, GPS: 43°39′ N, 80°25′ W, and 375 m above sea level). At the pre-flowering stage, five samples were collected from seeds, intact roots and shoots. For large scale fermentation, each endophyte was fermented in 2 L flasks (five flasks per each endophyte) containing 50 g white rice and 100 mL H₂O. The flasks were incubated at 25 °C for 30 days without shaking.

Fungal material: The fungus P. citrinum (strain no. TPDTF1.4) was isolated under sterile conditions from the flowers of O. tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) collected in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia in 2011. The fungal strain was cultivated on rice or white beans, which were prepared by autoclaving 100 g rice or beans and 100 mL water in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Fermentation was performed on rice medium in one flask for 27 days at room temperature under static conditions. Meanwhile a static cultivation was conducted on beans medium in two flasks for 17 days at room temperature.

The fungus Penicillium commune QQF-3 was isolated from a fresh fruit of the mangrove plant Kandelia candel, which were collected in August 2015 from Zhuhai Mangrove Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, China. The fungus was cultured on autoclaved rice medium in 30 Erlenmeyer flasks (1 L), each containing 50 g of rice and 50 mL of 0.3% saline water. After incubation for 28 days at 25 ℃.