Fungal material: The fungus P. citrinum (strain no. TPDTF1.4) was isolated under sterile conditions from the flowers of O. tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) collected in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia in 2011. The fungal strain was cultivated on rice or white beans, which were prepared by autoclaving 100 g rice or beans and 100 mL water in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Fermentation was performed on rice medium in one flask for 27 days at room temperature under static conditions. Meanwhile a static cultivation was conducted on beans medium in two flasks for 17 days at room temperature.

The fungal strain used in this work was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Pulsatilla chinensis, which was collected from Huludao, Liaoning province of China in October 2014. The interrhizospheric fungus Penicillium sp. was fermented on autoclaved rice solid-substrate medium (one hundred and sixty 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 80 g rice, 110 mL water) for 30 days at 26 &#8451.