Fungal material: The fungus P. citrinum (strain no. TPDTF1.4) was isolated under sterile conditions from the flowers of O. tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) collected in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia in 2011. The fungal strain was cultivated on rice or white beans, which were prepared by autoclaving 100 g rice or beans and 100 mL water in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Fermentation was performed on rice medium in one flask for 27 days at room temperature under static conditions. Meanwhile a static cultivation was conducted on beans medium in two flasks for 17 days at room temperature.

The fungal strain used in this study was isolated from the fresh tissue from leaves of Sonneratia apetala, which was collected in September 2012 from Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, China. The fungus Penicillium sp. ZJ-SY2 was fermented on autoclaved rice solid-substrate medium (sixty 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 50 g rice and 50 mL 3% of saline water) for 30 days at 25 ℃ .