Details of Natural Product (NP)

General Information of Natural Product (ID: NP0003)
  Natural Product Name
Citral
  Synonyms
Citral; GERANIAL; 5392-40-5; (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal; trans-Citral; geranialdehyde; 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal; (E)-Citral; Citral a; 141-27-5; Geranaldehyde; alpha-Citral; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; (E)-Geranial; geranal; Genanial; beta-Geranial; (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienal; 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-; (E)-Neral; 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-; Lemsyn GB; CITRAL NATURAL; trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; 147060-73-9; NCI-C56348; 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-; (E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; 3,7-Dimethyl-trans-2,6-octadienal; UNII-758ZMW724E; FEMA No. 2303; cis/trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; Lemarome n; CHEBI:16980; NSC6170; 758ZMW724E; trans-Citral = trans-3,7-Dimethyl-octa-2,6-dien-1-al; cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; NSC 6170; Citral alpha; Citral, analytical standard; Citral (natural); Z-Citral; Citral, mixture of cis and trans; Caswell No. 221B; citral-b; FEMA Number 2303; CCRIS 1043; HSDB 993; CITRAL SINTETICO; 2,6-Dimethyloctadien-2,6-al-8; 3,7-Dimethyl-1,2,6-octadienal; EINECS 205-476-5; EINECS 226-394-6; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 040510; BRN 1721871; BRN 1721873; polyprenal; polyprenals; Natural Citral; AI3-01011; AI3-28519; MFCD00006997; alpha -Citral; (2Z)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; Citral N; Citral-A; .alpha.-Citral; 3,6-octadienal; (2e)-geranial; LEMAROME; 3,2,6-octadienal; (2E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; Citral, cis + trans; Citral, 95%; EC 205-476-5; EC 226-394-6; Citral Ex Litsea(Citral ); litsea cubeba oil terpeneless; SCHEMBL23073; 3-01-00-03053 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); 4-01-00-03569 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); GTPL6327; CHEMBL1080997; 3,7- dimethylocta-2,6-dienal; DTXSID20881217; CHEBI:137934; WLN: VH1UY1&3Y1&U1; HY-N7083; NSC-6170; ZINC1529208; 3,7-dimethyl-(e)-2,6-octadienal; BBL011666; STK802499; 3,7-dimethyl-(2e)-2,6-octadienal; trans-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienal; AKOS000119519; CCG-266236; Citral, natural, >=96%, FCC, FG; CS-W010948; LMPR0102010003; LS41486; (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienal; Citral 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; Citral, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 94%; NCGC00091550-01; NCGC00091550-02; NCGC00091550-03; NCGC00091550-04; AS-35309; (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al; 2,6- OCTADIENAL, 3,7-DIMETHYL-; S5138; 3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIENAL(TRANS); C01499; Citral, mixture of cis and trans, >=96%, FG; A829835; Q410888; Q-200867; F0001-1403; UNII-T7EU0O9VPP component WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-JXMROGBWSA-N; 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-, reaction products with Et alc.; GRQ
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  Formula C10H16O
  Weight 152.23
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure Download 2D Structure Download
  InChI InChI=1S/C10H16O/c1-9(2)5-4-6-10(3)7-8-11/h5,7-8H,4,6H2,1-3H3/b10-7+
  InChI Key WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-JXMROGBWSA-N
  Isomeric SMILES CC(=CCC/C(=C/C=O)/C)C
  Canonical SMILES CC(=CCCC(=CC=O)C)C
  External Links PubChem ID 638011
CAS ID 5392-40-5
NPASS ID NPC18205
HIT ID C1245
CHEMBL ID CHEMBL1080997
  NP Activity Charts   Click to show/hide
  Activity Info  

 The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s)
      Species Name: Artemisia absinthium
  Factor Name: Chemotype Comparison [1]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Ten different plants of wormwood were collected in March 1997 from each one of the following four wild populations in the Spanish Pyrenees: Tallo de Aulet (prov. Huesca) and Pont de Suert, Sort and Farga de Moles (prov. Lleida). In three of the four populations studied, there was another chemotype, with 25-65% of cis-epoxyocimene and 15-50% of chrysanthenyl acetate. This chemotype, called chemotype B, was less frequent in the Pyrenees than the chemotype A, appearing only in 17% of the samples (two samples in TallO de Aulet and in Pont de Suert and three samples in Farga de Moles).
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               Factor Function
Two chemotypes were detected; a cis-epoxyocimene type (with more than 50% of this compound) which was predominant in all the populations, and a cis-epoxyocimene + chrysanthenyl acetate type (with 25-65% of cis-epoxyocimene and 15-50% of chrysanthenyl acetate). The distribution of these chemotypes had no relation with the altitude of the samples.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Chemotype (cis-epoxyocimene type)
 Leaves Spain
NP Content: 0.09 %
 
Chemotype (cis-epoxyocimene + chrysanthenyl acetate type)
 Leaves Spain
NP Content: <0.03 %
      Species Name: Citrus aurantifolia
  Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation [2]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Fresh mature lime fruits were harvested from experimental orchards of I.I.H.R., Bangalore at six ripening stages: Peel color; Dark Green, Light Green, Color Turning, 1/2 Yellow, 3/4th Yellow and Full Yellow.
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               Factor Function
The constituents of lime oil mainly belong to two categories: hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. The hydrocarbons were 85.4% of the peel oil isolated from full yellow fruits compared to 57.5% in green fruits. The most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbons, limonene and beta-pinene, showed gradual increase during ripening of lime fruit and they together accounted for 70.7% in full yellow fruits. Organoleptically important oxygenated compounds (neral, geranial, linalool and geraniol) were found to be rich in oil isolated from the peel of green fruits (29.7%); however, it decreased to 8.4% when color of the fruit turned to full yellow. Neral and geranial were found to be high in the peel oil of green fruits (7.8%) compared to full yellow fruits (2.5%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Fruit: Dark green stage
 Fruits (dark green) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 3.6 %
 
Fruit: Light green stage
 Fruits (light green) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 2.5 %
 
Fruit: Color turning stage
 Fruits (color turn) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 1.4 %
 
Fruit: Half yellow stage
 Fruits (half yellow) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 0.8 %
 
Fruit: 3/4th yellow stage
 Fruits (3/4th yellow) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 0.9 %
 
Fruit: Full yellow stage
 Fruits (full yellow) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 0.7 %
      Species Name: Citrus sinensis (Hongjiang)
  Factor Name: Variety Comparison [3]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Four kinds of fresh sweet oranges were obtained in the same season, November 2000, in Guangzhou. Citrus sinensis var. Hongjiang (called 'hong jiang chen' in Chinese) and C. sinensis Osbeck var. Anliu (called 'luo gang chen') were obtained at an orchard in Luo gang in Guangzhou (25 km from the center of Guangzhou). Citrus sinensis var. Sihui (called 'sihui ju') was harvested at the Shigou Experimental Farm in Sihui City in Guangdong Province (75 km far away from Guangzhou). Citrus sinensis var. Washington navel (called 'qi chen') which was produced in Jiangxi Province (200 km from Guangzhou; bordering Guangdong Province), was purchased at the wholesale market in Guangzhou. All oranges were kept in a cold room until prepared a few days later.
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               Factor Function
The peel oil compositions of four kinds of sweet oranges in China, Citrus sinensis Osbeck var. Hongjian, C. sinensis Osbeck var. Anliu, C. sinensis Osbeck var. Sihui and C. sinensis Osbeck var. Washington navel, were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The essential oils were extracted by cold-pressing method. Forty-two to 53 compounds were quantitatively determined for each variety. Their percentages, respectively, were: > 97.3%, > 98.4%, > 97.5% and > 98.0% in hydrocarbons; > 1.5%, > 0.7%, > 0.8% and > 0.9% in total aldehydes; 0.8%, 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.5% in alcohols. Either cis-or trans-limonene oxide was detected in small amounts in each of the four samples, with Hongjiang containing both limonene oxides. delta-3-Carene was commonly quantified at a level of 0.1% in all the samples. The content of aliphatic aldehydes, including octanal, nonanal, decanal and dodecanal, exceeded that of terpene aldehydes, such as neral and geranial in Hongjiang (0.9%) and Washington navel (0.6%), whereas the aliphatic aldehydes in Anliu and Sihui were present to a lesser degree than the terpene aldehydes. Either alpha- or beta-sinensal was detected in trace amounts in each of the four samples. Linalool was the major alcohol in all the samples. Nootkatone was not detected.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Citrus sinensis var. Anliu
 Fruits China
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Citrus sinensis var. Hongjiang
 Fruits China
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Citrus sinensis var. Sihui
 Fruits China
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Citrus sinensis var. Washington navel
 Fruits China
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Coriandrum sativum
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [4]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Two samples (20 kg each) of mature coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits were used for this study. The first was purchased from a spice market of Korba in Tunisia (Tn), the second, from Canada (Can), was supplied by General Herboristerie Laboratory (Marseille, France).
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               Factor Function
The first from Tunisia (Tn) and the second from Canada (Can). The highest essential oil yield was observed for Can with 0.44% (w/w) and 0.37% (w/w) for Tn. Forty-five compounds were identified in the essential oils and the main compound of both samples was linalool. The total phenol contents varied between two coriander fruit samples; Can sample presented high polyphenol contents (15.16 mg GAE/g) compared with Tn one (12.10 mg GAE/g). Significant differences were also found in total tannin contents among representing 0.7 mg GAE/g in Can and 0.34 mg GAE/g in Tn. The highest contents of total flavonoids were observed in Can sample with 13.2 mg CE/g.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Canada
 Fruits Canada
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Locality: Korba, Tunisia
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Ducrosia anethifolia
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [5]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. were collected in the wild from Mehdi Abad (Kerman province, in southern Iran) at the flowering stage in June 2006. The material was dried at room temperature.
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               Factor Function
The 63 components of this interesting plant were identified in the oil of D. anethifolia, representing 94.0% of the oil. alpha-Pinene (11.6%), terpinolene(3.2%) and (z)-beta-ocimene (2.8%) were the main hydrocarbon components present in the oil, while decanal (54.0%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate(3.2%) and decanoic acid (1.3%) were the major oxygen-containing constituents.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Karaj, Iran
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Melaleuca ericifolia
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [6]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Samples of M. ericifolia leaves were obtained from 19 locations as follows: DL3104- 3110, Coopernook, New South Wales (NSW), 31° 49′ 31″ S, 152° 36′ 48″ E (Site No. 1); DL3114-3120, Hawks Nest, NSW, 32° 40′ 09″ S, 152° 10′ 12″ E (Site No. 2); DL3240-3244, Hexham, NSW, 32° 48′ 50″ S, 151° 42′ E (Site No. 3); DL3245-3249, The Entrance, NSW, 32° 22′ 24″ S, 151° 28′ 19″ E (Site No. 4); DL3397-3401, Tuggerah Lake, NSW, 33° 21′ S, 151° 27′ E (Site No. 5); DL3250-3254, Georges River, NSW, 33° 58′ 42″ S, 151° 00′ 14″ E (Site No. 6); DL3255-3259, Berry, NSW, 34° 46′ 37″ S, 150° 45′ 27″ E (Site No. 7); DL3260-3264, Lake Durras, NSW, 35° 36′ 00″ S, 150° 16′ 17″ E (Site No. 8); DL3265- 3269, Wallaga Lake, NSW, 36° 23′ 43″ S, 150° 03′ 04″ E (Site No. 9); DL3270-3274, Wallagoot, NSW, 36° 44′ 50″ S, 149° 55′ 46″ E (Site No. 10); DL3275-3279, Genoa, Victoria (Vic), 37° 25′ 56″ S, 149° 38′ 41″ E (Site No. 11); BVG3024- 3028, West of Lakes Entrance, Vic, 37° 48′ S, 148° 03′E (Site No. 12); BVG3014-3018, West of Lang Lang, Vic, 38° 13′ S, 145° 30′ 13″ E (Site No. 13); BVG3019-3023, East of Welshpool, Vic, 38° 38′ 28″ S, 146° 30′53″ E (Site No. 14); ACC1019/1-2, 5-7, Nelson on the Glenelg River, Vic, 38° 03′ S, 141° 00′ E (Site No. 15); KJ1-5, Airport Flinders Island, Tasmania (Tas), 40° 05′ S, 148° 00′ E (Site No. 16); KJ6-10, Lackrana Road Flinders Island, Tas, 40° 18′ S, 148° 06′ E (Site No. 17); ACR1848/1-3, Woolnorth Point, Tas, 40° 38′ 30″ S, 144° 43′ 30″ E (Site No. 18); JB4509, Robins Island Track, Tas, 40° 45′ S, 144°53′E (Site No. 19). The majority of samples were collected during June to December 1999 with the exceptions being sites 5, 15 and 18, which were collected during July to October 2000. Leaf material totaling about 100 g of fresh leaves and twigs was obtained mainly from five widely spaced individual trees per location.
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               Factor Function
Oil composition varied quantitatively throughout the species range rather than qualitatively in an apparent association with latitude of occurrence. Linalool and linalool oxide were abundant in the oils from the north of the species range in New South Wales with a gradual southerly decline in these compounds to central Victoria with concomitant increase in the proportions of 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol and limonene. The most southerly populations sampled in southern Victoria and Tasmania gave oils containing relatively high proportions of 1,8-cineole (mean 34.5%) and low proportions of linalool (3%). Four populations from the Central Coast of NSW (Coopernook, Hawks Nest, The Entrance and Tuggerah Lake) provided the greatest opportunity of identifying seed trees that combine the attributes required for plantation development. The tree that had the best combination of oil traits (DL 3116 from Hawks Nest) had an oil yield of 4.5%, a linalool content of 60% and a 1,8-cineole content of 16%.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: northern Australia
 Leaves Australia
NP Content: 0.7 %
      Species Name: Micromeria biflora
  Factor Name: Seasonal Variation [7]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of M. biflora collected during November 1993 and June 1994 were used for the investigation.
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               Factor Function
The major constituents of the oil were neral (25.3-32.2%) and geranial (26.7-41.3%). The oil produced in the winter was found to contain higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes than the oil produced in the summer.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: Summer
 Aerial parts South India
NP Content: 36.72 %
 
Harvesting time: Winter
Aerial parts South India
NP Content: 41.26 %
      Species Name: Ocimum basilicum
  Factor Name: Variety Comparison [8]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens Benth, Ocimum basilicum var. dianatnejadii Salimi at flowering stage were collected from plants grown in Experimental Station of Pykan Shahr, near Tehran. Elevation 1215 m above sea level, latitude 35° 42′ North, 51° 8′ East, average humidity 36% and climatic category semi-arid.
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               Factor Function
Methyl chavicol (43.0%) and linalool (28.9%) were identified as the major compounds in the oil of O. basilicum var. purpurascens, while methyl chavicol (37.6%), linalool (33.4%) and alpha-cadinol (5.7%) were the major constituents in the oil of O. basilicum var. dianatnejadii.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Ocimum basilicum var. dianatnejadii Salimi
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.6 %
  Factor Name: Drought Stress Treatment [9]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Seeds of Ocimum basilicum cv. keskenylevelu provided from Hungary, were used in this study. Potted seedlings of Ocimum basilicum were subjected to study the effect of different irrigation rigimes on the essential oil content and composition at experimental farm of college of agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres, University, located in Tehran. (1215 m above sea level, latitude 35° 43′ north, altitude 51° 8′ east). The seeds were sown in spring of 2001 in pots. The irrigation regimes to induce of water stress were: 100%, 85%, 70% and 55% of field capacity. This percentage of field capacity kept constant in the soil by daily weighting of pots. The soil was sandy-loam with 22.6% of field capacity. The harvest of whole plants was performed at the beginning of the flowering stage.
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               Factor Function
The essential oil content of herb increased from 1.12 to 1.26% as plant water deficit increased (till 70% of field capacity). The number of component of the oil of Ocimum basilicum increased as water stress increase. Amount of the main constituents of the oil such as linalool, methyl chavicol, 1,8-cineole and trans alpha-bergamotene significantly affected by water stress.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
100% Field Irrigation (Control)
 Whole plant Mali
NP Content: 0.8 %
 
55% Field Irrigation
 Whole plant Mali
NP Content: 0.6 %
      Species Name: Ocimum basilicum L
  Factor Name: Chemotype Comparison [10]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The study was conducted in North-Central Anatolia under semi arid conditions. Seeds of 18 basil landraces (O. basilicum L.) were collected from local farms and home gardens in Turkey. To examine essential oil composition of the basil landraces without environmental influences, the plants were grown under identical (same environmental and soil conditions) conditions. Seeds were sown on a medium (1:1:1 washed sand, horse manure and field soil) in greenhouse conditions on March 25, 2003. Seedlings were grown until the 3-5 leaf stage. The seedlings were transplanted into pilots in the Gaziosmanpasxa University Experimental Research Station on May 15, 2003. The plants were harvested at the full blooming stage and dried at 35 ℃ for essential oil isolation.
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               Factor Function
Variation of essential oils in the landraces was subjected to cluster analysis, and seven different chemotypes were identified. They were (1) linalool, (2) methyl cinnamate, (3) methyl cinnamate/linalool, (4) methyl eugenol, (5) citral, (6) methyl chavicol (estragol), and (7) methyl chavicol/citral. Methyl chavicol with high citral contents (methyl chavicol/citral) can be considered as a 'new chemotype' in the Turkish basils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Chemotype (citral-rich type)
 Leaves Turkey
NP Content: 61 %
 
Chemotype (methyl chavicol-rich type)
 Leaves Turkey
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Chemotype (methyl chavicol and citral-rich type)
 Leaves Turkey
NP Content: 33.9 %
      Species Name: Pelargonium graveolens L'Her.
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [11]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
One-month-old rooted stem cuttings of three rosescented geranium cultivars, namely Bourbon type, CIM-Pawan and Kelkar were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm plant spacing in the experimental field of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center Purara, Uttarakhand, in October 2007. Plants were irrigated immediately after transplanting and further crops were raised following the normal agricultural practices needed to grow the plant. The experimental site is located between the coordinates 28° 60′ and 31° 29′ N, 77° 49′ and 80° 60 m E, and at an altitude of 1250 m in the Kattyur valley. Climatologically, it is categorized as a sub-temperate (1200-1700 m) zone, where monsoon usually breaks in June and continues up to September. Sampling of the rose-scented geranium cultivars was started from March 2008 and taken on the tenth of every month until February 2009. Samples were collected in triplicate in each season. (A, cv. Bourbon type; B, cv. CIM-Pawan; C, cv. Kelkar; I, spring season; II, summer season; III, rainy season;IV, autumn season; V, winter season).
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               Factor Function
The major components in the essential oil of cv. Bourbon type were geraniol (14.1-34.6%), citronellol (15.2-31.3%), linalool (2.9-9.2%), citronellyl formate (4.4-9.2%), isomenthone (4.5-6.6%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.7-6.7%) and geranyl formate (3.8-6.2%). The dominant constituents of the cv. CIM-Pawan essential oil were geraniol (11.9-31.9%), citronellol (16.1-30.2%), citronellyl formate (5.2-8.9%), linalool (3.7-6.4%), isomenthone (4.0-6.3%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.4-5.2%) and geranyl formate (4.3-5.0%). However, the chemical composition and odor of cv. Kelkar was quite different from the other two cultivars and the major components found in this oil were citronellol (51.0-63.4%) and isomenthone (9.8-17.8%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.8 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 2.5 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.1 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.1 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.5 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.9 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 2.2 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.5 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.9 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.9 %
      Species Name: Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus
  Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation [12]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Two samples were collected in Sao Goncalo do Abaete, one in July 2000 and the other in November 2005, in periods of post-anthesis and preanthesis, respectively.
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               Factor Function
Thirty compounds were detected in the samples collected in Sao Goncalo do Abaete. Among the identified compounds, 53.8% are sesquiterpenes and 42.3% are monoterpenes. The majority components in the two samples were neral and geranial. The sample in anthesis presented a lower percentage of neral (21.4%) and geranial (36.5%) than the sample in pre-anthesis, whose percentages of neral and geranial were 33.6% and 47.2%, respectively.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
pre-anthesis stage
 Leaves Sao Goncalo do Abaete, Brazil
NP Content: 47.2 %
 
post-anthesis stage
 Leaves Sao Goncalo do Abaete, Brazil
NP Content: 36.5 %
      Species Name: Pulicaria dysenterica
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [13]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of P. dysenterica were collected during the flowering stage from two different locations in Greece in August 2002. Sample A: Katara (Perfecture Trikala). Sample B: Arahova (Perfecture Viotia).
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               Factor Function
Fifty-four components were identified representing 80.5% (sample A) and 72.6% (sample B) of the total oils. The main components in sample A were (Z)-nerolidol (11.2%), caryophyllene oxide (9.1%) and (E)-nerolidol (6.6%), while those of sample B were beta-caryophyllene (12.8%), caryophyllene oxide (12.8%) and (E)-nerolidol (6.9%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Katara, Perfecture Trikala, Greece
 Aerial parts Greece
NP Content: <0.1 %
 
Locality: Arahova, Perfecture Viotia, Greece
 Aerial parts Greece
NP Content: <0.1 %
      Species Name: Rosa damascena
  Factor Name: Variety Comparison [14]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Experimental site: The present study was conducted at the experimental farm of the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (1325 m amsl, 32° 06′ 05″ N, 76° 34′10″ E), India, in 2011. Minimum temperature ranges from 3.5 ℃ to 19.8 ℃, maximum temperature ranges from 15.2 ℃ to 31.4 ℃, relative humidity varies between 62.2% and 94.1% in the morning and 45.0% and 87.2% in the evening, and bright sunshine hour ranges from 2.9 to 8.9 hours. Plant material: A population of approximately 50,000 plants raised from mixed stem cuttings collected from perennial rose plantations at the University of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, and maintained in the field of the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India, were utilized as an original gene pool of R. damascena. Two varieties, Jwala and Himroz were diversified through selections of desirable traits (morphological/oil content) across 25,000 plants. The five elites, three of R. damascena var. Jwala, (Indica, Super jwala and Jwala) and two of R. damascena var. Himroz (Hot himroz and Himroz) were developed through field selections and maintained at the Natural Plant Products Division Experimental Farm of the Institute. Rosa bourboniana plants were collected from the Fragrance and Flavour Development Centre, Kannauj, UP, India, during 1992 and maintained at the Natural Plant Products Division Experimental Farm of the Institute.
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               Factor Function
The essential oil content of the varieties of R. damascena varied from 0.037% to 0.051% and that of R. bourboniana was 0.017%. Super jwala recorded the highest oil content (0.051%). A total of 32 components were identified in the different varieties of rose oil. These components constituted 78.1-93.5% of the total rose oil species. The main components of rose oil were citronellol + nerol (16.3-30.1%), geraniol (15.8-29.3%), linalool (0.7-1.9%), rose oxide (0.9-2.6%), phenyl ethyl alcohol (0.1-0.4%), eugenol (0.3-2.2%), nonadecane (7.3-14.7%). The content of citronellol + nerol (30.1%) and geraniol (29.3%) was the highest in Himroz compared with other varieties.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Rosa damascena var. Himroz
 Flowers India
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Hot Himroz
 Flowers India
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Indica
 Flowers India
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Jwala
 Flowers India
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Super Jwala
 Flowers India
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Tanacetum dolichophyllum
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [15]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Wild growing Tanacetum dolichophyllum samples were collected during the period of full flowering, between September-October 2009 from high alpine meadows of Western Himalaya (Uttarakhand, India): Sample I (Dayara, altitude 3200 m) and Sample II (Tungnath, altitude 3800 m).
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               Factor Function
Plant collected from Dayara meadow (Sample I) afforded cis-lanceol (11.8%), beta-pinene (10.7%), (E)- beta-farnesene (7.4%), alpha-bisabolol (7.2%), beta-eudesmol (5.2%) and terpinen-4-ol (5.1%) as the major constituents, whereas in the sample collected from Tungnath (Sample II) beta-eudesmol (31.4%), alpha-bisabolol (10.7%) were the most abundant components followed by neryl acetate (5.8%) and (E)-beta-farnesene (5.7%). The composition was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygen containing sesquiterpenes (49.2-71.1%). The oils are clearly different from those of all other previously reported T. dolichophyllum oils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Dayara; Altitude 3200m
 Aerial parts Himalyas, Uttarakhand, India
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Locality: Tungnath; Altitude 3800m
 Aerial parts Himalyas, Uttarakhand, India
NP Content: 1.1 %
      Species Name: Thymus longicaulis
  Factor Name: Chemotype Comparison [16]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of the plants with distinct odors, harvested at full flowering stage, were collected from the same population (growing in an area of one m2) on Mt. Parnis Attiki, at an altitude of 1200 m in June 1995.
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               Factor Function
Limonene (18.7%) and thymol (19.4%); geraniol (56.8%) and geranyl acetate (7.6%); linalool (63.1%) and alpha-terpinyl acetate (20.4%) were the predominant components in each of the three different chemotypes, respectively.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Chemotype (lavender-odor type)
 Aerial parts Attiki, Greece
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Thymus vulgaris
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [11]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
One-month-old rooted stem cuttings of three rosescented geranium cultivars, namely Bourbon type, CIM-Pawan and Kelkar were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm plant spacing in the experimental field of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center Purara, Uttarakhand, in October 2007. Plants were irrigated immediately after transplanting and further crops were raised following the normal agricultural practices needed to grow the plant. The experimental site is located between the coordinates 28° 60′ and 31° 29′ N, 77° 49′ and 80° 60 m E, and at an altitude of 1250 m in the Kattyur valley. Climatologically, it is categorized as a sub-temperate (1200-1700 m) zone, where monsoon usually breaks in June and continues up to September. Sampling of the rose-scented geranium cultivars was started from March 2008 and taken on the tenth of every month until February 2009. Samples were collected in triplicate in each season. (A, cv. Bourbon type; B, cv. CIM-Pawan; C, cv. Kelkar; I, spring season; II, summer season; III, rainy season;IV, autumn season; V, winter season).
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               Factor Function
The major components in the essential oil of cv. Bourbon type were geraniol (14.1-34.6%), citronellol (15.2-31.3%), linalool (2.9-9.2%), citronellyl formate (4.4-9.2%), isomenthone (4.5-6.6%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.7-6.7%) and geranyl formate (3.8-6.2%). The dominant constituents of the cv. CIM-Pawan essential oil were geraniol (11.9-31.9%), citronellol (16.1-30.2%), citronellyl formate (5.2-8.9%), linalool (3.7-6.4%), isomenthone (4.0-6.3%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.4-5.2%) and geranyl formate (4.3-5.0%). However, the chemical composition and odor of cv. Kelkar was quite different from the other two cultivars and the major components found in this oil were citronellol (51.0-63.4%) and isomenthone (9.8-17.8%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 2 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 2.1 %
References
1 Essential Oil of Artemisia absinthium L. from the Spanish Pyrenees
2 Changes in the Peel Oil Composition of Kagzi Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) during Ripening
3 Volatile Constituents of the Peel Oils of Several Sweet Oranges in China
4 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Tunisian and Canadian Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Fruit
5 Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. from Kerman Province in Iran
6 Geographic Variation in Oil Characteristics in Melaleuca ericifolia
7 Composition of the Essential Oil of Micromeria biflora
8 Essential oil composition of four Ocimum species and varieties growing in Iran
9 Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes
10 Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L.)
11 Essential oil composition of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her ex Ait. cultivars harvested in different seasons
12 Chemical Differences in the Essential Oil of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L. R. Landrum Leaves from Brazil
13 Chemical Composition of Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. from Greece
14 Evaluation of several Rosa damascena varieties and Rosa bourboniana accession for essential oil content and composition in western Himalayas
15 Variation in the Constituents of Tanacetum dolichophyllum (Kitam.) Kitam. from Different Locations of Uttarakhand Himalaya (India)
16 Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Properties of Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaoubardii Oils: Three Chemotypes in the Same Population