Details of Natural Product (NP)

General Information of Natural Product (ID: NP0379)
  Natural Product Name
Isomenthone
  Synonyms
Isomenthone; (-)-isomenthone; L-isomenthone; 18309-28-9; cis-Menthone; p-Menthan-3-one, cis-; UNII-11T7AFM2DS; (2S,5S)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexan-1-one; (2S-cis)-2-(Isopropyl)-5-methylcyclohexan-1-one; 11T7AFM2DS; p-Menthan-3-one, (Z)-; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (2R,5R)-rel-; 491-07-6; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, cis-; (+/-)-isomenthone; (2S,5S)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone; 36977-92-1; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (Z)-; (2S,5S)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexan-1-one; DL-Menthone; .alpha.-isomenthone; d,l-Isomenthone; MFCD00136032; Isomenthone, (-)-; (1R,4R)-p-menthan-3-one; isomenthon; dl-Isomenthone; cis-p-menthone; (1)-Isomenthone; ()-Menthone; 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone; EINECS 242-194-1; cis-p-Menthan-3-one; Isomenthone, (+/-)-; (1S,4S)-p-menthan-3-one; FEMA No. 3460; SCHEMBL4395963; (+/-)-cis-p-menthan-3-one; CHEBI:36496; ZINC968037; EINECS 207-727-4; EINECS 253-295-5; (1S,4S)-(-)-p-menthan-3-one; (1R,4R)-(+)-p-Menthan-3-one; BRN 3195564; 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexanone, cis; 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-3-cyclohexanone, cis-; cis-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexanone; C17125; (2S,5S)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexan-1-one; 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone, (Z)-; (2R,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone, rel-; (2S,5S)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexanone; 4-07-00-00087 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); (2S-cis)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone; Q27116856; UNII-9WZ3E2G6CL component NFLGAXVYCFJBMK-IUCAKERBSA-N; 1074-95-9
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  Formula C10H18O
  Weight 154.25
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure Download 2D Structure Download
  InChI InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-7(2)9-5-4-8(3)6-10(9)11/h7-9H,4-6H2,1-3H3/t8-,9-/m0/s1
  InChI Key NFLGAXVYCFJBMK-IUCAKERBSA-N
  Isomeric SMILES C[C@H]1CC[C@H](C(=O)C1)C(C)C
  Canonical SMILES CC1CCC(C(=O)C1)C(C)C
  External Links PubChem ID 6432469
CAS ID 18309-28-9

 The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s)
      Species Name: Cunila angustifolia
  Factor Name: Seasonal Variation [1]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The leaves of Cunila angustifolia which were collected in the Santa Catarina state, Brazil in October (2001), January (2002), April (2002) and July (2002).
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               Factor Function
The oxygenated compounds were found with high concentration (winter- 77.0%, spring- 84.1%, summer- 82.2% and autumn76.2%). Seasons with low temperature showed increasing in the concentration non-oxygenated compounds (winter- 18.6%, spring- 13.6%, summer- 10.2% and autumn- 19.2%). There is little variation in the main component (pulegone) of the oil on different seasons. The spring oil showed a high concentration this monoterpene (72.3%). The other season's oils showed increasing amounts in the concentration of isomenthone and neomenthol. Winter and autumn oils showed a significant increase in the concentration of beta- caryophyllene and bicyclogermacrene.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: Spring
 Leaves Brazil
NP Content: 7.4 %
 
Harvesting time: Summer
 Leaves Brazil
NP Content: 9.1 %
 
Harvesting time: Autumn
 Leaves Brazil
NP Content: 11 %
 
Harvesting time: Winter
 Leaves Brazil
NP Content: 11.2 %
      Species Name: Echinacea purpurea
  Factor Name: Plant Pathogen Infection [2]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Plant selection and virological tests: Before effecting the collection procedure, heathy and infected plants of E. purpurea grown in the open field at the Herb Garden of Casola Valsenio were selected and labelled by visual inspection of their aerial parts. The infection by CMV was associated with symptoms on both leaves and flowers. The most characteristic symptoms are yellow mosaic, ring and line-patterns on crinkled and deformed leaves that drop prematurely. The flowers, which may be smaller than normal, show color breaking with white or pale stripes on red petals. Shortening of the internodes is also very common, giving the plant a bushy appearance known as stunting. In Italian environmental conditions, these symptoms are best visible in the summer. On the other hand, plants appeared symptom-free were collected as healthy material. Plant collection: About 3-4 Kg fresh aerial part materials (70% stems, 10% leaves and 20% flowers) of healthy E. purpurea plants were collected in June 2000 at almost the end of flowering. An equivalent quantity of CMV-infected plants (evaluated by DAS-ELISA) was also collected; the percentage of leaves in the infected infected was about 6.0% as due to CMV presence that caused the premature leaf drop.
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               Factor Function
The oil from healthy material was rich in germacrene D (57.8%) and was more abundant. The infected materials afforded a lower oil content and significant quantitative variations in the oil composition. In particular, the observed percentage of germacrene D (52.6%) was reduced as were other sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. These variations, tested to be significant for all the compound-class fractions and individual major components, were ascribed to the cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) infection, the only fixed-effect variable that might affect the oil composition.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Healthy plant
 Aerial parts Italy
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Infected plants (cucumber mosaic cucumovirus)
 Aerial parts Italy
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Mentha longifolia
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [3]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Plants were collected in the Inner plain, the Sharon plain and the kava valley.
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               Factor Function
The major constituent of all three oils was found to be 1,8-cineole (26.4-34.5%) followed by menthone (10.0-16.7%), pulegone (7.0-7.5%), and isomenthone (4.7-7.8%). Despite some differences in the component proportions, the plants of all three populations clearly belong to the same chemotype.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Sharon plain, Israel
 Aerial parts Israel
NP Content: 5.1 %
 
Locality: Arava valley, Israel
 Aerial parts Israel
NP Content: 4.7 %
 
Locality: Inner plain, Israel
 Aerial parts Israel
NP Content: 7.8 %
      Species Name: Mentha piperita
  Factor Name: Drought Stress Treatment; NaCl Treatment [4]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Peppermint plants were initiated from rhizome cuttings (10 cm long) supplied by Jahad Daneshgahi in March 2009. According to the method described by Farahani et al., (2009), seventy five peppermint samples were notified above were transferred into pots (25 cm head diameter × 20 cm height) filled with sandy loam soil (soil average amount of 5580 gr in each pot). This experiment was carried out using a randomized compllete block design with 3 replications. The factors studied included 5 levels of water deficit stress that were D1 (100% field capacity), D2 (85% field capacity), D3 (70% field capacity), D4 (60% field capacity) and D5 (45% field capacity), respectively. In order to determine the soil moisture rate of 100% field capacity, 24 h after irrigation we selected 5 field soil samples by sampling drill, then samples were weighed by electrical scale and placed under 105 ℃ in electrical oven for 48 h. Field soil samples were selected for determination of soil moisture rate daily, than determined 85% field capacity, 70% field capacity, 60% field capacity and 45% field capacity, respectively.
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               Factor Function
Results indicated that drought stress motivated a significant reduction in all of the growth parameters and essential oil yield and percent. The highest values of growth parameters and essential oil percent and yield were observed under 100% field capacity (control). Also, the highest values of Mentone and menthofuran were obtained under 100% field capacity (control) and the highest values of menthol were obtained under 70% field capacity by using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
70% Field Capacity
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.01 %
 
60% Field Capacity
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.04 %
 
0 mM NaCl (Control)
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.03 %
  Factor Name: Month Variation [5]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The peppermint material was obtained from ten cultivation sites (four growers) around Le Mayetde-Montagne, Allier, France (altitude 400 to 800 m). The individual surface areas ranged from 0.6 to 2.5 ha for an overall surface of 8 to 10 ha. Planting density was 30,000 plants/ha.
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               Factor Function
A marked inversion of the menthol/menthone ratio was observed according to harvesting time. The late blooming period gave oils rich in menthol. A second harvest gave a high-quality oil and increased overall yield. Pre-drying did not affect the chemical composition of the oil obtained but allowed larger amounts of plant material to be distilled. In particular, Bouverat-Bernier showed an increase in oil yield up to flowering and a fall thereafter and an increase of levels of menthol and menthyl acetate while those of menthone decreased from June to September. For Hungarian peppermint, the levels of menthone were always greater than those of menthol regardless of harvest time.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: 14-June
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 2.9 %
 
Harvesting time: 5-July
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 2.7 %
 
Harvesting time: 29-July
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 2.4 %
 
Harvesting time: 15-August
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 2.5 %
 
Harvesting time: 15-September
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 1.5 %
 
Harvesting time: 30-September
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 1.8 %
 
Harvesting time: 30-October
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 0.9 %
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison [6]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Dry leaves of Menlba piperita L. 'Kliment-63' and 'Zefir' of 1997 crop were used.
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               Factor Function
The oil yield from 'Zefir' was 0.97% and that from 'Kliment-63' was 0.54%. The oil from 'Zefir' was found to be rich in menthol (46.2-50.2%) and menthyl acetate (16.8-22.5%). In the oil from 'Kliment-63,' the content of these components was lower, while the menthone content was higher (20.0-23.1%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Mentha piperita cv. Kliment-63
 Leaves Bulgaria
NP Content: 7 %
 
Mentha piperita cv. Zefir
 Leaves Bulgaria
NP Content: 9 %
      Species Name: Mentha Pulegium
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [7]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of flowering Mentha pulegium plants (cut at ground level) and individual M. pulegium plants were collected in the summer (July, 2003) from three wild populations located in the Municipality of Laganas, Zakynthos, W. Greece. Location 1 (N 37° 41′ 29″, E 20° 50′ 25″; map datum WGS 84; altitude 3 m; 14/07/03) was close to Keri Beach (Limni Keriou), Location 2 (N 37° 43′ 34″, E 20° 50′ 41″; altitude 3 m; 13/07/03) was near the village of Kalamaki and Location 3 (N 37° 39′ 39″, E 20° 48′ 44″; altitude 160 m; 17/07/03) was near the village of Vasilikos. The three locations are within the mainland limits of the protected area of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NATURA 2000 Network, site GR 2210002; 14).
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               Factor Function
The composition of the inflorescence (I), leaf (L) and stem (S) essential oils of wild Mentha pulegium plants from three populations (1-3) on the island of Zakynthos were examined. Pulegone (32.8 %, S1 to 75.8 %, I3) was the major constituent of all of the oils. The other main constituents were piperitenone (5.1 %, L3 to 35 %, I2), isomenthone (4.3 %, I2 to 28.6 %, L3) and piperitone (0.5 %, I3 to 5.2 %, L2). In total, C-3-oxygenated p-menthane compounds constituted from 73.0 % (S1) to 96.2 % (I2) of the oils. The piperitenone content of the inforescence oils was up to 2.4 (Loc 3) times higher than that of the leaf oils. Correspondingly, the isomenthone content of the leaf oils was up to 4.2 (Loc 2) times higher than that of the inforescence oils. The ratio of the isomenthone:piperitenone content of the oils (n=3) was markedly different for the inforescence (mean 0.31), leaf (mean 2.91) and stem (mean 1.12) oils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 7.9 %
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Kalamaki, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 4.3 %
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 6.5 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 24.9 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Kalamaki, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 18.2 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 28.6 %
 
Stem: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 16.8 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Kalamaki, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 8.5 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 16.2 %
      Species Name: Mentha spicata
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [8]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of flowering Mentha spicata plants (cut at ground level) and individual M. spicata plants were collected in the summer (July, 2003) from three wild populations located in the Municipality of Laganas, Zakynthos, W. Greece. Location 1 (N 37° 39′ 39″, E 20° 48′ 44″; map datum WGS 84; altitude 160 m; 14/07/03) was near the village of Keri, Location 2 (N 37° 41′ 29″, E 20° 50′ 25″; altitude 3 m; 14/07/03) was close to Keri Beach (Limni Keriou) and Location 3 (N 37° 43′ 34″, E 20° 50′ 41″; altitude 35 m; 14/07/03) was near the village of Pandocratoras. The three locations are within the mainland limits of the protected area of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NATURA 2000 Network, site GR 2210002; 8).
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               Factor Function
The main oil constituents were trans-piperitone oxide, piperitenone oxide and 1,8-cineole. On a whole plant basis (aerial parts) the trans-piperitone oxide content ranged from 1.4 % location (Loc 1) to 32.5% (Loc 3) and appeared to have an inverse relationship with the 1,8-cineole content which ranged from 10.8 % (Loc 3) to 37.9 % (Loc 1). 1,8-cineole was the major oil constituent (37.9 %) of M. spicata plants from Loc 1. The major constituent of the inflorescence oils was piperitenone oxide which ranged from 32.4 % (Loc 3) to 46.3 % of the oil (Loc 1). The major constituent of the leaf oils was 1,8-cineole (40.5 %) in plants from Loc 1 and trans-piperitone oxide in plants from Loc 2 (19.8 %) and Loc 3 (33.5 %). This is the first report for wild populations in Greece of a M. spicata oil in which 1,8-cineole is the major constituent. The observed variation in essential oil composition between locations and plant organs in July would not appear to be directly related to the climatic conditions.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Keri, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Keri, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Pandocratoras, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 35 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Keri, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.6 %
 
Stem: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Pelargonium graveolens L'Her.
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [9]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
One-month-old rooted stem cuttings of three rosescented geranium cultivars, namely Bourbon type, CIM-Pawan and Kelkar were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm plant spacing in the experimental field of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center Purara, Uttarakhand, in October 2007. Plants were irrigated immediately after transplanting and further crops were raised following the normal agricultural practices needed to grow the plant. The experimental site is located between the coordinates 28° 60′ and 31° 29′ N, 77° 49′ and 80° 60 m E, and at an altitude of 1250 m in the Kattyur valley. Climatologically, it is categorized as a sub-temperate (1200-1700 m) zone, where monsoon usually breaks in June and continues up to September. Sampling of the rose-scented geranium cultivars was started from March 2008 and taken on the tenth of every month until February 2009. Samples were collected in triplicate in each season. (A, cv. Bourbon type; B, cv. CIM-Pawan; C, cv. Kelkar; I, spring season; II, summer season; III, rainy season;IV, autumn season; V, winter season).
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               Factor Function
The major components in the essential oil of cv. Bourbon type were geraniol (14.1-34.6%), citronellol (15.2-31.3%), linalool (2.9-9.2%), citronellyl formate (4.4-9.2%), isomenthone (4.5-6.6%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.7-6.7%) and geranyl formate (3.8-6.2%). The dominant constituents of the cv. CIM-Pawan essential oil were geraniol (11.9-31.9%), citronellol (16.1-30.2%), citronellyl formate (5.2-8.9%), linalool (3.7-6.4%), isomenthone (4.0-6.3%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.4-5.2%) and geranyl formate (4.3-5.0%). However, the chemical composition and odor of cv. Kelkar was quite different from the other two cultivars and the major components found in this oil were citronellol (51.0-63.4%) and isomenthone (9.8-17.8%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 4.5 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 6.6 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 4.9 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 4.6 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 6.1 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 4.6 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 6.3 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 4.7 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 4 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 5.5 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 9.8 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 10.7 %
      Species Name: Thymus striatus
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [10]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of the plant were collected from four localities: A = Kirklareli: Karadere in May 1991; B = Kirklareli: Karahamza Village in May 1990; C = Kirklareli: Evciler Village on 13 June 1993; D = Kirklareli: Korukoy on 25 May 1994
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               Factor Function
The four oils obtained from plants collected in different localities of the same region gave quite different compositions as follows: A: thymol (10.5%), 1,8-cineole (9.96%), p-cymene (9.48%), carvacrol (5.28%); B: beta-caryophyllene (29.50%), carvacrol(20.59%); C: thymol (34.7%), beta-caryophyllene (12.74%), carvacrol (5.24%); D: beta-caryophyllene (56.48%), germacrene D (11.12%), carvacrol (4.85%). Since the identities of the plant materials were checked repeatedly, any misidentification is ruled out. Except for A and C, all the other materials showed beta-caryophyllene as the major constituent. Carvacrol (20.59%) was present in good amount in the oil of B. In A, however, high percentages of 1,8-cineole (10%) and p-cymene (9.5%) were significant. This oil contained only a trace amount of beta-caryophyllene. Four isomeric caryophyllene alcohols were detected in the oil B. The results clearly indicate that the oil of T. striatus var. interruptus has no consistency and we can safely suggest that there are at least three chemotypes, namely thymol/1,8-cineole/p-cymene-type; thymol/beta-caryophyllene-type; and beta-caryophyllene-type, of this species.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Karadere, Kirklareli, Turkey
 Aerial parts Kirklareli, Turkey
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Locality: Karahamza Village, Kirklareli, Turkey
 Aerial parts Kirklareli, Turkey
NP Content: 1.1 %
 
Locality: Evciler Village, Kirklareli, Turkey
 Aerial parts Kirklareli, Turkey
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Thymus vulgaris
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [9]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
One-month-old rooted stem cuttings of three rosescented geranium cultivars, namely Bourbon type, CIM-Pawan and Kelkar were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm plant spacing in the experimental field of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center Purara, Uttarakhand, in October 2007. Plants were irrigated immediately after transplanting and further crops were raised following the normal agricultural practices needed to grow the plant. The experimental site is located between the coordinates 28° 60′ and 31° 29′ N, 77° 49′ and 80° 60 m E, and at an altitude of 1250 m in the Kattyur valley. Climatologically, it is categorized as a sub-temperate (1200-1700 m) zone, where monsoon usually breaks in June and continues up to September. Sampling of the rose-scented geranium cultivars was started from March 2008 and taken on the tenth of every month until February 2009. Samples were collected in triplicate in each season. (A, cv. Bourbon type; B, cv. CIM-Pawan; C, cv. Kelkar; I, spring season; II, summer season; III, rainy season;IV, autumn season; V, winter season).
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               Factor Function
The major components in the essential oil of cv. Bourbon type were geraniol (14.1-34.6%), citronellol (15.2-31.3%), linalool (2.9-9.2%), citronellyl formate (4.4-9.2%), isomenthone (4.5-6.6%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.7-6.7%) and geranyl formate (3.8-6.2%). The dominant constituents of the cv. CIM-Pawan essential oil were geraniol (11.9-31.9%), citronellol (16.1-30.2%), citronellyl formate (5.2-8.9%), linalool (3.7-6.4%), isomenthone (4.0-6.3%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.4-5.2%) and geranyl formate (4.3-5.0%). However, the chemical composition and odor of cv. Kelkar was quite different from the other two cultivars and the major components found in this oil were citronellol (51.0-63.4%) and isomenthone (9.8-17.8%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 11.6 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 10.7 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 17.8 %
References
1 Seasonal Variation of the Essential Oil from Cunila angustifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae)
2 Characterization of the Essential Oils of Healthy and Virus Infected Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Plants
3 Volatile Extract of Mentha longifolia Growing in Israel. Aromatic Plants of the Holy Land and the Sinai. Part XIII
4 The effect of drought stress on growth parameters, essential oil yield and constituent of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
5 Variation of the Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L. during the Growing Time
6 A Comparative Investigation on the Essential Oil Composition of Two Bulgarian Cultivars of Mentha piperita L.
7 Differences Between The Inflorescence, Leaf And Stem Essential Oils Of Wild Mentha Pulegium Plants From Zakynthos, Greece
8 Mentha Spicata Essential Oils Rich In 1,8-Cineole And 1,2-Epoxy-P-Menthane Derivatives From Zakynthos (Ionian Island, W Greece)
9 Essential oil composition of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her ex Ait. cultivars harvested in different seasons
10 Essential Oils of Thymus striatus Vahl var. interruptus Jalas from Turkey