Details of Natural Product (NP)

General Information of Natural Product (ID: NP0381)
  Natural Product Name
Menthone
  Synonyms
(-)-Menthone; MENTHONE; l-MENTHONE; 14073-97-3; trans-Menthone; (2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone; p-Menthone; Neomenthone; Menthone racemic; L-Menthan-3-one; trans-Menthan-3-one; trans-p-Menthan-3-one; p-Menthan-3-one, trans-; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (2S,5R)-; 89-80-5; DL-Menthone; (2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexanone; UNII-5F709W4OG4; (-)-(2S,5R)-Menthone; (1R,4S)-p-menthan-3-one; (2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone; (2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexan-1-one; (1R,4S)-(-)-p-Menthan-3-one; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-; (-)-(1R,4S)-menthone; CHEBI:15410; (-)-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone; 5F709W4OG4; (2S-trans)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone; (2S,5R)-5-METHYL-2-(1-METHYLETHYL)-CYCLOHEXANONE; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (2S-trans)-; DSSTox_CID_24384; DSSTox_RID_80188; DSSTox_GSID_44384; Menthone (natural); p-Menthan-3-one racemic; MFCD00001634; l-p-Menthan-3-one; (dl)-Menthone; 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone; CAS-14073-97-3; FEMA No. 2667; CCRIS 5747; HSDB 1268; p-Menthan-3-one, dl-; EINECS 201-941-1; EINECS 214-049-2; menthon; AI3-11106; Menthone G; MFCD00062998; trans-p-menthone; 1-menthone; (-)menthone; 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanone, trans-; NCGC00095606-01; Cyclohexan-1-one, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-, racemic; EINECS 237-926-1; Menthan-3-one, trans; Spectrum_001299; rel-(2R,5S)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone; (-)-Menthone,(S); SpecPlus_000437; Spectrum2_000691; Spectrum3_001272; Spectrum4_001648; Spectrum5_000495; (2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexanone; bmse000375; (-)-Menthone, 90%; EC 237-926-1; SCHEMBL21709; BSPBio_002864; KBioGR_002115; KBioSS_001779; SPECTRUM300564; DivK1c_006533; SPBio_000841; (1S)-trans-p-menthan-3-one; CHEMBL276311; DTXSID3044384; KBio1_001477; KBio2_001779; KBio2_004347; KBio2_006915; KBio3_002364; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-(+/-)-; ZINC967796; (-)-Menthone, analytical standard; HY-N7916; Tox21_111510; Tox21_302153; CCG-38562; MFCD00136033; AKOS006343213; Tox21_111510_1; ACN-035416; LMPR0102090004; MCULE-4105322469; SDCCGMLS-0066582.P001; 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone, trans; NCGC00095606-02; NCGC00178425-01; NCGC00255957-01; AS-17440; (2S,5R)2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone; CS-0138798; C00843; (2S, 5R)-trans-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone; Q424902; SR-05000002387; 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-(2S,5R)-Cyclohexanone; L-Menthone, mixture of isomers, >=96%, FCC, FG; SR-05000002387-1; W-108194; 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-(2S-trans)-Cyclohexanone; (-)-Menthone, primary pharmaceutical reference standard; UNII-9NH5J4V8FN component NFLGAXVYCFJBMK-BDAKNGLRSA-N; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (2R,5S)-rel-;; Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-(.+/-.)-; 1/C10H18O/c1-7(2)9-5-4-8(3)6-10(9)11/h7-9H,4-6H2,1-3H3/t8-,9+/m1/s
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  Formula C10H18O
  Weight 154.25
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure Download 2D Structure Download
  InChI InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-7(2)9-5-4-8(3)6-10(9)11/h7-9H,4-6H2,1-3H3/t8-,9+/m1/s1
  InChI Key NFLGAXVYCFJBMK-BDAKNGLRSA-N
  Isomeric SMILES C[C@@H]1CC[C@H](C(=O)C1)C(C)C
  Canonical SMILES CC1CCC(C(=O)C1)C(C)C
  External Links PubChem ID 26447
CAS ID 14073-97-3
NPASS ID NPC45270
HIT ID C0604
CHEMBL ID CHEMBL276311
  NP Activity Charts   Click to show/hide
  Activity Info  

 The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s)
      Species Name: Ducrosia assadii
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [1]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of D. assadii Alava. were collected in the wild from Lalehzar (Kerman Province, in southern Iran) at the flowering stage, in July 2007. The material was dried at room temperature and used for distillation. Distillation: A direct-fired field distillation unit containing a distillation tank (capacity: 1,000 L), a condensation column and receiver, all made of stainless steel, and which can process 30-50 kg of dried aerial parts from the plants/batch, was installed at an altitude of 2600 m (boiling point: 87 ℃). Dried aerial parts from the plants (40 kg) were charged into the distillation unit along with 500 L fresh water and the unit was heated by steam. The system was kept open to atmospheric pressure until the temperature reached to 70 ℃, when the air present in the unit was replaced by the vapor. After complete removal of air from the unit, the air vent was closed and the whole unit was operated as a closed system under pressure to distill the oil. The pressure, temperature and rate of distillation were controlled manually. The process was completed after the collection of 500 L of water distillate. The oil collected in the receiver and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Extraction of Ducrosia Second Oil From Ducrosia Water by Redistillation: The seprated distillate water collected in the receiver was redistilled in a 1,000 L still to yield more Doucrosia oil (this oil is known as secondary essential oil, second oil, cooked oil or indirect oil).
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               Factor Function
Fifty components were identified in a second oil of D. assadii from Lalehzar with decanal (35.2%), nonadecane (12%) and citronellyl acetate (11.6%) as the main constituents. The oil from Dehbakrii also contained decanal (36.4%) as the main component of an oil recovered from the distillate water. The results showed that the amount of decanal is remarkably high in the oils of D. assadii.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Dehbakrii village, Provonce of Kerman, southern Iran
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Echinacea purpurea
  Factor Name: Plant Pathogen Infection [2]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Plant selection and virological tests: Before effecting the collection procedure, heathy and infected plants of E. purpurea grown in the open field at the Herb Garden of Casola Valsenio were selected and labelled by visual inspection of their aerial parts. The infection by CMV was associated with symptoms on both leaves and flowers. The most characteristic symptoms are yellow mosaic, ring and line-patterns on crinkled and deformed leaves that drop prematurely. The flowers, which may be smaller than normal, show color breaking with white or pale stripes on red petals. Shortening of the internodes is also very common, giving the plant a bushy appearance known as stunting. In Italian environmental conditions, these symptoms are best visible in the summer. On the other hand, plants appeared symptom-free were collected as healthy material. Plant collection: About 3-4 Kg fresh aerial part materials (70% stems, 10% leaves and 20% flowers) of healthy E. purpurea plants were collected in June 2000 at almost the end of flowering. An equivalent quantity of CMV-infected plants (evaluated by DAS-ELISA) was also collected; the percentage of leaves in the infected infected was about 6.0% as due to CMV presence that caused the premature leaf drop.
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               Factor Function
The oil from healthy material was rich in germacrene D (57.8%) and was more abundant. The infected materials afforded a lower oil content and significant quantitative variations in the oil composition. In particular, the observed percentage of germacrene D (52.6%) was reduced as were other sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. These variations, tested to be significant for all the compound-class fractions and individual major components, were ascribed to the cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) infection, the only fixed-effect variable that might affect the oil composition.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Healthy plant
 Aerial parts Italy
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Infected plants (cucumber mosaic cucumovirus)
 Aerial parts Italy
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Fragaria vesca
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison [3]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Whole leaves and inflorescences of two wild strawberry cultivars ('Rugia' and 'Baron von Solemacher') harvested in 2008 during the agrotechnical experiment performed by Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, were used as a material for determinations. Samples were collected before noon at sunny and dry days at the beginning of wild strawberry's flowering stage. Material was dried up to 35 ℃ in shadow and air just after the harvest.
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               Factor Function
Depending on a cultivar, air-dry inflorescences from wild strawberry contain from 0.21% ('Baron von Solemacher' cv.) to 0.30% ('Rugia' cv.), whereas leaves contains from 0.46% ('Baron von Solemacher' cv.) to 0.62% ('Rugia' cv.) of essential oils. GC/MS analysis of essential oils achieved from studied materials revealed presence of 70 (including 59 identified) compounds in leaves of 'Rugia' cv. and 58 (including 50 identified) compounds in leaves of 'Baron von Solemacher' cv. Essential oils from inflorescences of 'Rugia' cv. contained 52 (including 47 identified), while 'Baron von Solemacher' cv. contained 54 (including 46 identified) compounds. The chromatographic analyses by GC-MS revealed that myrthenol, nonal, linalool and phthalide dibuthyl dominated in essential oils obtained from leaves, while myrthenol, citronelol, linalool and geraniol - from those of inflorescences. There were qualitative differences between oil components at both studied materials and differentiation between both cultivars, as well.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Inflorescence: Fragaria vesca cv. Baron von Solemacher
 Inflorescence Poland
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Inflorescence: Fragaria vesca cv. Rugia
 Inflorescence Poland
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Leaf: Fragaria vesca cv. Baron von Solemacher
 Leaves Poland
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Leaf: Fragaria vesca cv. Rugia
 Leaves Poland
NP Content: <0.05 %
      Species Name: Mentha longifolia
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [4]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Plants were collected in the Inner plain, the Sharon plain and the kava valley.
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               Factor Function
The major constituent of all three oils was found to be 1,8-cineole (26.4-34.5%) followed by menthone (10.0-16.7%), pulegone (7.0-7.5%), and isomenthone (4.7-7.8%). Despite some differences in the component proportions, the plants of all three populations clearly belong to the same chemotype.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Sharon plain, Israel
 Aerial parts Israel
NP Content: 10 %
 
Locality: Arava valley, Israel
 Aerial parts Israel
NP Content: 10.5 %
 
Locality: Inner plain, Israel
 Aerial parts Israel
NP Content: 16.7 %
      Species Name: Mentha piperita
  Factor Name: Drought Stress Treatment; NaCl Treatment [5]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Peppermint plants were initiated from rhizome cuttings (10 cm long) supplied by Jahad Daneshgahi in March 2009. According to the method described by Farahani et al., (2009), seventy five peppermint samples were notified above were transferred into pots (25 cm head diameter × 20 cm height) filled with sandy loam soil (soil average amount of 5580 gr in each pot). This experiment was carried out using a randomized compllete block design with 3 replications. The factors studied included 5 levels of water deficit stress that were D1 (100% field capacity), D2 (85% field capacity), D3 (70% field capacity), D4 (60% field capacity) and D5 (45% field capacity), respectively. In order to determine the soil moisture rate of 100% field capacity, 24 h after irrigation we selected 5 field soil samples by sampling drill, then samples were weighed by electrical scale and placed under 105 ℃ in electrical oven for 48 h. Field soil samples were selected for determination of soil moisture rate daily, than determined 85% field capacity, 70% field capacity, 60% field capacity and 45% field capacity, respectively.
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               Factor Function
Results indicated that drought stress motivated a significant reduction in all of the growth parameters and essential oil yield and percent. The highest values of growth parameters and essential oil percent and yield were observed under 100% field capacity (control). Also, the highest values of Mentone and menthofuran were obtained under 100% field capacity (control) and the highest values of menthol were obtained under 70% field capacity by using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
100% Field Capacity (Control)
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 10.51 %
 
85% Field Capacity
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 8.36 %
 
70% Field Capacity
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 7.67 %
 
60% Field Capacity
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 7.83 %
 
45% Field Capacity
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 5.35 %
 
0 mM NaCl (Control)
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 17.09 %
 
50 mM NaCl
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 9.97 %
 
100 mM NaCl
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 14.25 %
  Factor Name: Month Variation [6]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The peppermint material was obtained from ten cultivation sites (four growers) around Le Mayetde-Montagne, Allier, France (altitude 400 to 800 m). The individual surface areas ranged from 0.6 to 2.5 ha for an overall surface of 8 to 10 ha. Planting density was 30,000 plants/ha.
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               Factor Function
A marked inversion of the menthol/menthone ratio was observed according to harvesting time. The late blooming period gave oils rich in menthol. A second harvest gave a high-quality oil and increased overall yield. Pre-drying did not affect the chemical composition of the oil obtained but allowed larger amounts of plant material to be distilled. In particular, Bouverat-Bernier showed an increase in oil yield up to flowering and a fall thereafter and an increase of levels of menthol and menthyl acetate while those of menthone decreased from June to September. For Hungarian peppermint, the levels of menthone were always greater than those of menthol regardless of harvest time.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: 14-June
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 48.8 %
 
Harvesting time: 5-July
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 43.8 %
 
Harvesting time: 29-July
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 29.6 %
 
Harvesting time: 15-August
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 31.2 %
 
Harvesting time: 15-September
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 10.7 %
 
Harvesting time: 30-September
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 10.1 %
 
Harvesting time: 30-October
 Whole plant Allier, France
NP Content: 6.1 %
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison [7]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Dry leaves of Menlba piperita L. 'Kliment-63' and 'Zefir' of 1997 crop were used.
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               Factor Function
The oil yield from 'Zefir' was 0.97% and that from 'Kliment-63' was 0.54%. The oil from 'Zefir' was found to be rich in menthol (46.2-50.2%) and menthyl acetate (16.8-22.5%). In the oil from 'Kliment-63,' the content of these components was lower, while the menthone content was higher (20.0-23.1%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Mentha piperita cv. Kliment-63
 Leaves Bulgaria
NP Content: 23.1 %
 
Mentha piperita cv. Zefir
 Leaves Bulgaria
NP Content: 8.7 %
      Species Name: Mentha Pulegium
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [8]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of flowering Mentha pulegium plants (cut at ground level) and individual M. pulegium plants were collected in the summer (July, 2003) from three wild populations located in the Municipality of Laganas, Zakynthos, W. Greece. Location 1 (N 37° 41′ 29″, E 20° 50′ 25″; map datum WGS 84; altitude 3 m; 14/07/03) was close to Keri Beach (Limni Keriou), Location 2 (N 37° 43′ 34″, E 20° 50′ 41″; altitude 3 m; 13/07/03) was near the village of Kalamaki and Location 3 (N 37° 39′ 39″, E 20° 48′ 44″; altitude 160 m; 17/07/03) was near the village of Vasilikos. The three locations are within the mainland limits of the protected area of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NATURA 2000 Network, site GR 2210002; 14).
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               Factor Function
The composition of the inflorescence (I), leaf (L) and stem (S) essential oils of wild Mentha pulegium plants from three populations (1-3) on the island of Zakynthos were examined. Pulegone (32.8 %, S1 to 75.8 %, I3) was the major constituent of all of the oils. The other main constituents were piperitenone (5.1 %, L3 to 35 %, I2), isomenthone (4.3 %, I2 to 28.6 %, L3) and piperitone (0.5 %, I3 to 5.2 %, L2). In total, C-3-oxygenated p-menthane compounds constituted from 73.0 % (S1) to 96.2 % (I2) of the oils. The piperitenone content of the inforescence oils was up to 2.4 (Loc 3) times higher than that of the leaf oils. Correspondingly, the isomenthone content of the leaf oils was up to 4.2 (Loc 2) times higher than that of the inforescence oils. The ratio of the isomenthone:piperitenone content of the oils (n=3) was markedly different for the inforescence (mean 0.31), leaf (mean 2.91) and stem (mean 1.12) oils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Kalamaki, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.5 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Kalamaki, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.6 %
 
Stem: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 2.8 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Kalamaki, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.6 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Kalamaki, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 1.5 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Vasilikos, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 1.1 %
      Species Name: Mentha spicata
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [9]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of flowering Mentha spicata plants (cut at ground level) and individual M. spicata plants were collected in the summer (July, 2003) from three wild populations located in the Municipality of Laganas, Zakynthos, W. Greece. Location 1 (N 37° 39′ 39″, E 20° 48′ 44″; map datum WGS 84; altitude 160 m; 14/07/03) was near the village of Keri, Location 2 (N 37° 41′ 29″, E 20° 50′ 25″; altitude 3 m; 14/07/03) was close to Keri Beach (Limni Keriou) and Location 3 (N 37° 43′ 34″, E 20° 50′ 41″; altitude 35 m; 14/07/03) was near the village of Pandocratoras. The three locations are within the mainland limits of the protected area of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NATURA 2000 Network, site GR 2210002; 8).
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               Factor Function
The main oil constituents were trans-piperitone oxide, piperitenone oxide and 1,8-cineole. On a whole plant basis (aerial parts) the trans-piperitone oxide content ranged from 1.4 % location (Loc 1) to 32.5% (Loc 3) and appeared to have an inverse relationship with the 1,8-cineole content which ranged from 10.8 % (Loc 3) to 37.9 % (Loc 1). 1,8-cineole was the major oil constituent (37.9 %) of M. spicata plants from Loc 1. The major constituent of the inflorescence oils was piperitenone oxide which ranged from 32.4 % (Loc 3) to 46.3 % of the oil (Loc 1). The major constituent of the leaf oils was 1,8-cineole (40.5 %) in plants from Loc 1 and trans-piperitone oxide in plants from Loc 2 (19.8 %) and Loc 3 (33.5 %). This is the first report for wild populations in Greece of a M. spicata oil in which 1,8-cineole is the major constituent. The observed variation in essential oil composition between locations and plant organs in July would not appear to be directly related to the climatic conditions.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Pandocratoras, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 35 m)
 Inflorescence Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.5 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Keri, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Pandocratoras, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 35 m)
 Leaves Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Stem: (Locality: near the village of Pandocratoras, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 35 m)
 Stems Zakynthos, Greece
NP Content: 0.7 %
      Species Name: Nepeta nuda
  Factor Name: Locality Variation; Developmental Stage Variation [10]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Biological material for these investigations comes from two distant collection sites: Suva planina (mountain in the east of Serbia) and Durmitor (mountain in Montenegro). All specimens (aerial parts of the plants) were collected in 1994 in the blooming stage and/or in the pre-blooming stage.
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               Factor Function
The results obtained show that though the yields of oils were barely influenced by plant growth stage, they varied appreciably according to the origin of the plant material: pre-blooming, Suva Planina (Serbia): 0.67%; blooming, Suva Planina (Serbia): 0.70%; blooming, Durmitor (Montenegro): 0.40%. Thirty-six components were identified. 1,8-Cineole was always predominant (60%); its concentration was lower (40%) just before blooming. Also present were germacrene D (2-15%), beta-caryophyllene (4-7%), alpha-terpineol (5-7%) and caryophyllene oxides (2-6%). In general, the chemical composition of N. nuda depended more strongly on growth stage than habitat. The only exception was caryophyllene oxide which was three times more abundant in the oil from Montenegro than in that from Serbia.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Aerial part: Blooming stage + (Locality: Durmito, Montenegro, Yugoslavia)
 Aerial parts Yugoslavia
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Aerial part: Blooming stage + (Locality: Suva planina, east of Serbia, Yugoslavia)
 Aerial parts Yugoslavia
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Ocimum basilicum L
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison [11]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The 36 'Genovese' and 24 'Foglia di Lattuga' samples preliminarily analysed were grown in Tavazzano (MI), and harvested at flowering, from 5th to 10th August 1998. The breeding program started in 1999, by crossing several selected lines of 'Genovese' with 'Foglia di Lattuga' and 'Compatto'. Selected F1 plants were selfpollinated in 2000. Plants of the F2 (2001), F3 (2002) and F4 (2003) generations were selected on the basis of agronomic and morphologic traits, and self-pollinated. Only the seeds from self pollinated plants with satisfactory essential oil content and composition were used to obtain the next generation. In 2004, some F4 plants were replanted in order to evaluate their stability in relation to environmental variations. All leaf harvests were carried out at flowering.
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               Factor Function
Genovese' showed higher essential oil and linalool content, with almost total absence of methyl chavicol, very abundant in 'Foglia di Lattuga'.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Ocimum basilicumcv. Foglia Lattuga
 Leaves Italy
NP Content: 0 %
 
Ocimum basilicumcv. Genovese
 Leaves Italy
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Pelargonium graveolens L'Her.
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [12]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
One-month-old rooted stem cuttings of three rosescented geranium cultivars, namely Bourbon type, CIM-Pawan and Kelkar were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm plant spacing in the experimental field of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center Purara, Uttarakhand, in October 2007. Plants were irrigated immediately after transplanting and further crops were raised following the normal agricultural practices needed to grow the plant. The experimental site is located between the coordinates 28° 60′ and 31° 29′ N, 77° 49′ and 80° 60 m E, and at an altitude of 1250 m in the Kattyur valley. Climatologically, it is categorized as a sub-temperate (1200-1700 m) zone, where monsoon usually breaks in June and continues up to September. Sampling of the rose-scented geranium cultivars was started from March 2008 and taken on the tenth of every month until February 2009. Samples were collected in triplicate in each season. (A, cv. Bourbon type; B, cv. CIM-Pawan; C, cv. Kelkar; I, spring season; II, summer season; III, rainy season;IV, autumn season; V, winter season).
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               Factor Function
The major components in the essential oil of cv. Bourbon type were geraniol (14.1-34.6%), citronellol (15.2-31.3%), linalool (2.9-9.2%), citronellyl formate (4.4-9.2%), isomenthone (4.5-6.6%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.7-6.7%) and geranyl formate (3.8-6.2%). The dominant constituents of the cv. CIM-Pawan essential oil were geraniol (11.9-31.9%), citronellol (16.1-30.2%), citronellyl formate (5.2-8.9%), linalool (3.7-6.4%), isomenthone (4.0-6.3%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.4-5.2%) and geranyl formate (4.3-5.0%). However, the chemical composition and odor of cv. Kelkar was quite different from the other two cultivars and the major components found in this oil were citronellol (51.0-63.4%) and isomenthone (9.8-17.8%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.5 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.
  Factor Name: NaCl Treatment [13]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
This experiment in a greenhouse of the College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. Plants were cultivated under a natural light condition with 30 &#8451 day maximum and 15 &#8451 night minimum, and 60-80% air humidity. Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. seeds were bought from Xincheng Chinese Herbal Medicine Industry (Anguo, China). In March, 2017, seeds were sown in trays containing a compost of humus, vermiculite, and perlite (1:2:1) and irrigated with distilled water to keep moist. About 8 days later, seeds were germinated and quarter-strength modified Hoagland's solution was used for irrigation. Thirty-seven days later (establishment phase), homogenous plants with a height of nearly 15 cm were transplanted into plastic pots filled with pure quartz sand. Two plants were cultivated in each pot and irrigated with 200 mL half-strength modified Hoagland's solution every second day. Six days later, the plants were divided into five groups and salt treatments were initiated. A total of 300 mL of the above nutrient solution supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 mM NaCl was applied every day. To prevent osmotic shock, salt concentrations increased gradually with 25 mM NaCl every other day until the designated concentration was reached. The experimental design was completely randomized with 70 individuals for each treatment. All plants were harvested after 12 days since salt stress symptoms (leaf chlorosis and necrosis) occurred, especially in those treated with 75 and 100 mM NaCl.
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               Factor Function
Contents of antioxidants, including phenolics and flavonoids, increased at low (25 mM) or moderate (50 mM) levels, but declined at severe (75 and 100 mM) levels. On leaf surfaces, big peltate and small capitate glandular trichomes (GTs) were found. Salt treatments, especially at moderate and severe concentrations, enhanced the density of total GTs on both leaf sides. The most abundant compound in GT volatile exudates was pulegone. Under salinity, relative contents of this component and other monoterpenes decreased significantly; biosynthesis and accumulation of esters were enhanced, particularly sulfurous acid,2-ethylhexyl hexyl ester, which became the second major compound as salinity increased. In conclusion, salt stress significantly influenced the growth and secondary metabolism of S. tenuifolia, enabling us to study the changes of its pharmacological activities.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Control: 0 mM NaCl treatment
 leaves Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
NP Content: 5.48 %
 
25 mM NaCl treatment
 leaves Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
NP Content: 11.74 %
 
50 mM NaCl treatment
 leaves Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
NP Content: 10.81 %
 
75 mM NaCl treatment
 leaves Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
NP Content: 5.67 %
 
100 mM NaCl treatment
 leaves Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
NP Content: 3.1 %
      Species Name: Thymus striatus
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [14]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of the plant were collected from four localities: A = Kirklareli: Karadere in May 1991; B = Kirklareli: Karahamza Village in May 1990; C = Kirklareli: Evciler Village on 13 June 1993; D = Kirklareli: Korukoy on 25 May 1994
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               Factor Function
The four oils obtained from plants collected in different localities of the same region gave quite different compositions as follows: A: thymol (10.5%), 1,8-cineole (9.96%), p-cymene (9.48%), carvacrol (5.28%); B: beta-caryophyllene (29.50%), carvacrol(20.59%); C: thymol (34.7%), beta-caryophyllene (12.74%), carvacrol (5.24%); D: beta-caryophyllene (56.48%), germacrene D (11.12%), carvacrol (4.85%). Since the identities of the plant materials were checked repeatedly, any misidentification is ruled out. Except for A and C, all the other materials showed beta-caryophyllene as the major constituent. Carvacrol (20.59%) was present in good amount in the oil of B. In A, however, high percentages of 1,8-cineole (10%) and p-cymene (9.5%) were significant. This oil contained only a trace amount of beta-caryophyllene. Four isomeric caryophyllene alcohols were detected in the oil B. The results clearly indicate that the oil of T. striatus var. interruptus has no consistency and we can safely suggest that there are at least three chemotypes, namely thymol/1,8-cineole/p-cymene-type; thymol/beta-caryophyllene-type; and beta-caryophyllene-type, of this species.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Karadere, Kirklareli, Turkey
 Aerial parts Kirklareli, Turkey
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Locality: Karahamza Village, Kirklareli, Turkey
 Aerial parts Kirklareli, Turkey
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Locality: Evciler Village, Kirklareli, Turkey
 Aerial parts Kirklareli, Turkey
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Thymus vulgaris
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [12]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
One-month-old rooted stem cuttings of three rosescented geranium cultivars, namely Bourbon type, CIM-Pawan and Kelkar were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm plant spacing in the experimental field of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center Purara, Uttarakhand, in October 2007. Plants were irrigated immediately after transplanting and further crops were raised following the normal agricultural practices needed to grow the plant. The experimental site is located between the coordinates 28° 60′ and 31° 29′ N, 77° 49′ and 80° 60 m E, and at an altitude of 1250 m in the Kattyur valley. Climatologically, it is categorized as a sub-temperate (1200-1700 m) zone, where monsoon usually breaks in June and continues up to September. Sampling of the rose-scented geranium cultivars was started from March 2008 and taken on the tenth of every month until February 2009. Samples were collected in triplicate in each season. (A, cv. Bourbon type; B, cv. CIM-Pawan; C, cv. Kelkar; I, spring season; II, summer season; III, rainy season;IV, autumn season; V, winter season).
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               Factor Function
The major components in the essential oil of cv. Bourbon type were geraniol (14.1-34.6%), citronellol (15.2-31.3%), linalool (2.9-9.2%), citronellyl formate (4.4-9.2%), isomenthone (4.5-6.6%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.7-6.7%) and geranyl formate (3.8-6.2%). The dominant constituents of the cv. CIM-Pawan essential oil were geraniol (11.9-31.9%), citronellol (16.1-30.2%), citronellyl formate (5.2-8.9%), linalool (3.7-6.4%), isomenthone (4.0-6.3%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.4-5.2%) and geranyl formate (4.3-5.0%). However, the chemical composition and odor of cv. Kelkar was quite different from the other two cultivars and the major components found in this oil were citronellol (51.0-63.4%) and isomenthone (9.8-17.8%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Kelkar: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.5 %
References
1 Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Ducrosia assadii Alava. from Kerman Province in Iran
2 Characterization of the Essential Oils of Healthy and Virus Infected Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Plants
3 Contents and chemical composition of essential oils from wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.)
4 Volatile Extract of Mentha longifolia Growing in Israel. Aromatic Plants of the Holy Land and the Sinai. Part XIII
5 The effect of drought stress on growth parameters, essential oil yield and constituent of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
6 Variation of the Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L. during the Growing Time
7 A Comparative Investigation on the Essential Oil Composition of Two Bulgarian Cultivars of Mentha piperita L.
8 Differences Between The Inflorescence, Leaf And Stem Essential Oils Of Wild Mentha Pulegium Plants From Zakynthos, Greece
9 Mentha Spicata Essential Oils Rich In 1,8-Cineole And 1,2-Epoxy-P-Menthane Derivatives From Zakynthos (Ionian Island, W Greece)
10 Quantity and Composition of Essential Oil of the Wild Plant Nepeta nuda L. from Yugoslavia
11 Biodiversity and selection of European basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) types
12 Essential oil composition of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her ex Ait. cultivars harvested in different seasons
13 Effects of Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Glandular Trichome Density, and Volatile Exudates of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq
14 Essential Oils of Thymus striatus Vahl var. interruptus Jalas from Turkey