| The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Species Name: Brassica juncea (var. RLC-1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: CdCl2 Treatment; Earthworms Treatment | [1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions using plastic pots having lower diameter of 7.8 cm, upper diameter of 13.5 cm and 12 cm in height. The soil was collected from the top layer (0-20 cm) from the Botanical Garden of the university. Soil was air dried crushed and sieved through 2 mm filter autoclaved at 121 ℃ for 2 h. The soil was autoclaved to exclude soil pathogens and other microorganisms if any. The autoclaved soil was poured in pots and kept in the growth chamber. The pots were filled with 500 g uncontaminated soil and partially decayed compost (cow manure) (2:1) and was used as growing medium. The cow dung was added into the soil for better performance of earthworms. A subsample of the study soil before mixing with compost was analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics. The soil used for the experiment was sandy loam soil having pH 7.8 , EC (Electrical conductivity) (µS/cm) =184.25 , TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) (mg/kg) = 130 , N (Nitrogen) (mg/kg) = 103 , P (Phosphorus) (mg/kg) = 10.6 , K (Potassium) (mg/kg) = 0.343 , %OC = 0.894, Cd (mg/kg) = ND (not detected by AAS).The Cd treatment was given by using anhydrous CdCl2 (Minimum assay: 95.0%) procured from Hi-Media laboratories. The CdCl2 anhydrous was added to the soil to make different concentrations of Cd 0.50 mM, 0.75 mM, 1.00 mM, and 1.25 mM (i.e. 56 mg/Kg , 84 mg/Kg , 112 mg/Kg and 140 mg/Kg respectively). The various treatments given are as shown below:(1)C0 (Control): (Cadmium absence);(2)C1: (0.5 mM Cd);(3)C2: (0.75 mM Cd);(4)C3: (1.00 mM Cd);(5)C4: (1.25 mM Cd).Each Cd treatment was given in soils without as well as with earthworms (WTE = without, WE = with earthworms). Earthworms (3 earthworms per pot) were inoculated after seven days of Cd treatment and incubated for 7 d in soil with earthworms. The seeds after surface sterilization were sown in soil containing different concentration of Cd and earthworms in plastic pots. These pots were kept in seed germinator under controlled conditions i.e. 25 ℃ temperature and 16:8 h dark: light photoperiod (1700 lx) for 15 d. Seedlings were harvested after 15 d followed by washing with distilled water. The growth and biochemical analysis was done on these seedlings.
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| Factor Function |
Increased Cd uptake in plants in presence of earthworms enhances the total antioxidative capacity, metal chelating compounds and content of other antioxidants in plants grown under metal polluted soils. Earthworms can improve plant growth by improving nutrient availability to plants through their vermicasting activity. Their role in modifying soil pH and increasing metal phytoavailability made their use ideal in phytoremediation of polluted soils. Increased uptake and accumulation of Cd in plants activates the antioxidative system of plants takes place by addition of earthworms to soil.
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| Mechanism |
The gene expression for the key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism was studied to understand the role of earthworms in organic acid metabolism in plants under Cd metal stress. It was observed that in comparison to control (C0) seedlings the expression of CS, SUCLG1, SDH and FH was enhanced 1.72, 1.58, 1.65 and 1.88 folds in seedlings given C4 treatment with 1.25 mM dose of Cd respectively . However, after supplementation of earthworms to Cd treated soils given C4 treatment resulted in further enhancement in expression of CS (2.53 fold), SUCLG1 (2.35 fold), SDH (2.13 fold) and FH (3.06 fold) .
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0.5 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.001301 ± 0.000005 mg/g
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0.75 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.001639 ± 0.000045 mg/g
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1.00 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.001491 ± 0.000022 mg/g
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1.25 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.023086 ± 0.002592 mg/g
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0 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.02477 ± 0.002345 mg/g
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0 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.004086 ± 0.000114 mg/g
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0.5 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.016301 ± 0.00143 mg/g
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0.75 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.030292 ± 0.002092 mg/g
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1.00 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.02963 ± 0.003451 mg/g
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1.25 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.030583 ± 0.004035 mg/g
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| Factor Name: 24-epibrassinolide Treatment; Imidacloprid Treatment | [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Seeds of B. juncea (cv. RLC-1) were given pre-sowing treatment with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) solutions (0 and 100 nM EBR/L) for 8 h. Petri-plates were lined with Whatman1 filter paper and were supplemented with different imidacloprid (IMI) concentrations (0, 150, 200, and 250 mg IMI/L). The EBR treated seeds were rinsed with distilled water and grown in Petri-plates supplemented with IMI solutions (three petri-plates for each treatment). The Petri-plates were kept in seed germinator (temperature = 25 ℃ , photoperiod = 16 h, light intensity = 175 µmol m -2 s-1) and the seedlings were harvested 10 days after sowing for further analysis.
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| Factor Function |
Seed soaking with 24-epibrassinolide recovers the impaired growth of B. juncea seedlings under imidacloprid stress by modulating the expression of genes encoding key enzymes including chlorophyllase, citrate synthase, succinyl Co-A ligase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate synthase, phytoene synthase, chalcone synthase, and phenylalanine ammonialyase.
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| Mechanism |
In the present study, as compared to control seedlings, the expression of gene CHLASE (encoding chlorophyllase) was observed to increase by 2.66-fold under IMI toxicity, but seed soaking with EBR significantly reduced the expression of CHLASE to 1.07-fold in the seedlings under IMI toxicity . Data analysis using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD showed significant difference for CHLASE expression in B. juncea seedlings (FIMI p < 0.01, FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR p < 0.001). MLR analysis of the fold change in CHLASE expression also revealed the increased expression of gene with IMI toxicity and EBR application (positive betaIMI-value), whereas interaction between IMI and EBR was observed to be negative .Further, in comparison to control seedlings, the expression of PSY (encoding phytoene synthase) and CHS (encoding chalcone synthase) was significantly enhanced by 5.22 and 4.54-folds respectively in the seedlings raised from EBR treated as well as untreated seeds grown under IMI stress . Significant differences in expression PSY (FIMI p < 0.001, FEBR P<0.05) and CHS (FIMI * EBR p < 0.001) were observed after analyzing the data using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. MLR analysis of fold change in gene expression also revealed the role of EBR in modulation of gene expression of PSY and CHS. Concentrations of IMI as well as EBR were regressed positively on the fold change in gene expression of PSY and CHS, thus revealing enhanced expressions of these genes under both the treatments. Moreover, interaction between IMI and EBR was positive for PSY expression, whereas negative interaction was observed for the expression of CHS .In the present study, the expression of PAL was also observed to enhance significantly by 6.68-fold in the seedlings raised from EBR treated seeds and grown under IMI stress . After analyzing the data using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD, significant difference in the expression of PAL was observed (FIMI p < 0.01, FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR P<0.05). MLR analysis of the fold change in gene expression also confirmed the role of EBR in increasing the PAL gene expression under IMI pesticide stress. Positive beta-regression coefficients were observed for IMI, EBR, and IMI * EBR .The expression of genes encoding the key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism was also studied to understand the role of EBR in organic acid metabolism under IMI pesticide stress. It was observed that as compared to control seedlings, the expression of CS (encoding citrate synthase, 2.35-fold), SUCLG1 (encoding succinyl-Co-A ligase, 1.57-fold), SDH (encoding succinate dehydrogenase, 2.01-fold), FH (encoding fumarate hydratase, 1.57-fold), and MS (encoding malate synthase, 1.91-fold) were increased in B. juncea seedlings raised from untreated seeds and grown under IMI pesticide toxicity . However, seed soaking with 100 nM EBR and germinating them under IMI toxicity resulted in further enhancement in expression of CS (2.61-fold), SUCLGD1 (4.18-fold), SDH (2.55-fold), FH (3.73-fold), and MS (4.03-fold). Data analysis using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD showed significant differences in the expression of CS (FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR p < 0.01), SUCLG1 (FEBR p < 0.001, FIMI * EBR P<0.05), SDH (FEBR p < 0.01), FH (FEBR p < 0.001), and MS (FEBR p < 0.001). MLR analysis showed that gene expression in seedlings under IMI stress as well as after the EBR seed treatment was increased as indicated by positive beta-regression coefficients. Whereas, negative interactions were noticed between IMI and EBR treatments for the expression of all genes studied related to organic acid metabolism.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 0 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.01686 ± 0.00339 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 0 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.06215 ± 0.00488 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 150 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00676 ± 0.00109 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 150 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.02531 ± 0.00427 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 200 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.0592 ± 0.00759 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 200 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.20617 ± 0.01625 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 250 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.01405 ± 0.00243 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 250 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.01693 ± 0.00063 mg/g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Clausena lansium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation | [3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves of four developmental stages, namely, (i) leaf buds, (ii) young leaves, (iii) mature leaves, and (iv) old leaves, were collected from three 13-year-old trees grown in wampee resources nursery of Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Guangzhou, China.
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| Factor Function |
Increase in bound flavonoids, quercetin, and cellular antioxidant activity was observed in bound and free fractions at different stages of leaf development. Predominantly, quercetin and ferulic acid contents were high in free and bound fractions of old leaves. In addition, phenolic components depicted highly significant positive association (p < 0.05) with antioxidant activity.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Leaf buds
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.93 ± 0.06 mg/100g
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Young leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.87 ± 0.04 mg/100g
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Mature leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.91 ± 0.08 mg/100g
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Old leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.92 ± 0.02 mg/100g
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Old leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.77 ± 0.01 mg/100g
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| Species Name: Crocus sativus L. (saffron) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: AMF Inoculation; Harvest Time Variation | [4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
AMF Inoculation in Pot : Saffron corms with horizontal diameters of 1.3 to 2.8 cm were sown in pots (4 L; 1 corm per pot) in the last ten days of August 2016. Pots were filled with sterile quartz sand (3 L per pot) on a layer of sterilized expanded clay (1 L per pot). Corms were treated with two inocula (MycAgro Lab, Breteniere, FR), one composed of a single fungus Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) and one of R. intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae (Ri + Fm). Ten grams of each inoculum were placed under each corm in order to guarantee the contact between the inoculum and the roots and therefore to favor the symbiosis between AMF and roots. Saffron corms used as controls were not inoculated (AMF-). Corms were not treated against fungal pathogens. A randomized block design was used with a total of 48 pots displayed in two experimental plot units (24 pots per unit) and three treatments (8 pots per treatment). Cultivation lasted for one cycle (August 2016-April 2017) in a heated glasshouse of the Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) of the University of Torino (Italy, 45° 06′ 23.21″ N Lat, 7° 57′ 82.8″ E Long; 293 m a.s.l.), with an average temperature of 22 ℃ during the day and 16 ℃ in the night. Irrigation water (pH 7.4, EC 505 µS cm) was added weekly (250 mL per pot) with a drip system. The corms were fertilized by fertigation (VIGORFLOR, AL.FE. srl, MN, Italy) every two weeks starting from the emergence of the spate, in quantities of 1.5 g/L of water. No flowering occurred because of the small size of the corms.AMF Inoculation in Open Field : Saffron corms with horizontal diameters of 2.5 to 3.5 cm were planted in the last ten days of August 2016 in two Alpine experimental sites located in the municipality of Morgex (45° 45′ 35″ N; 7° 02′ 37.3″ E; 1000 m a.s.l.) and Saint Cristophe (45° 45′ 06″ N; 7° 20′ 37″ E; 700 m a.s.l.) in Italy and cultivation lasted for two cycles (2016-2017 and 2017-2018). Both sites were cultivated with saffron for at least the previous three years. Before starting the experiment both fields were milled. To assess the effects of AMF inocula on saffron cultivation and production, the same treatments used in the pot trial were applied (Ri, Ri + Fm or AMF-). A randomized block design was used, with three experimental plot units (blocks). Each plot unit consisted of 56 corms, planted in a 1.44 m2 area (39 corms m-2). Inter-row planting distance was of 7 cm, while between-row distance was 25 cm. Plots were separated from each other with at least 4 m distance. Before planting, 10 g of inoculum was placed under the corms to ensure contact between plant and the treatment. Irrigation was provided when needed and hand weeding control was conducted during cultivation, while no preplanting fertilization, tillage, or treatments against pathogens were applied. The two Alpine sites were characterized by semicontinental climate, with a long and cold winter . In general, both sites had a sandy-loam texture according to the USDA classification and similar chemical characteristics.
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| Factor Function |
The inoculum composed by R. intraradices and F. mosseae was particularly effective in increasing flower production and saffron yield, while R. intraradices alone increased the content of some bioactive compounds-picrocrocin, quercitrin, crocin II-as well as antioxidant activity.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: 2016-2017
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 3 mg/100g dry weight
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Harvesting time: 2017-2018
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 3 mg/100g dry weight
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Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae inoculation
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 2 mg/100g dry weight
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Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 3 mg/100g dry weight
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Non-AMF inoculation (Control)
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 4 mg/100g dry weight
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| Species Name: Fragaria × ananassa Duch. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Nitrogen Treatment; AMF Inoculation | [5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiment was conducted in a 'shade'-type greenhouse with 30% shade at the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IIAF), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. Maximum and minimum temperatures in the greenhouse varied between 28 and 32 ℃ and between 8 and 18 ℃ respectively. Plants of the strawberry cultivar 'Aromas' were used that had previously been grown in a sterilised (95 ℃ water/steam, 40 min) substrate of coconut fibre/perlite (1:3 v/v) under greenhouse conditions. Before the experiment was established, the absence of AMF in the roots was verified by the ink and vinegar technique, modifying the duration of immersion in KOH and ink/vinegar solution (7 and 5 min respectively). Before planting, roots were disinfected by submerging them for 20 s in 20 g/L sodium hypochlorite solution and rinsing them in water. The inoculum was prepared with spores of Glomus intraradices cultivated in liquid medium (3.5 × 106 spores/L, 90% viability; Premier Tech Biotechnologies Company, Quebec, Canada), which was diluted with fitagel (Sigma P-8169, Saint Louis, MO, USA) solution at 50 g/L to obtain a final concentration of about 5 × 104 spores/L. The viability of spores was determined according to the method of An and Hendrix. Eighteen days after setting up the experiment, each plant received 2 mL of inoculum applied directly to the recently formed roots. One month later, after staining, the percentage of root colonisation was determined by the gridline intersect method. The experiment was organised as a full factorial, completely randomised design with two factors: inoculation (two levels: mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants) and N concentration in the nutrient solution (three levels: 3, 6 and 18 mmol/L). The six treatments were replicated four times, producing 24 experimental units with ten plants each. Every second day, all plants were irrigated up to substrate saturation. Nitrogen was supplied as NO and the cation/anion ratio was kept constant by varying the concentration of SO. When N was below 18 mmol/L, the cation concentrations were maintained as follows: K+, 3; Ca2+, 3.5; Mg2+, 1.5 mmol/L. They were increased in the 18 mmol/L N treatment: K+, 6.5; Ca2+, 7.5; Mg2+, 3.25 mmol/L. In all nutrient solutions the concentration of phosphorus (P) was 0.3 mmol/L. The other nutrients in the solutions were: H3BO3, 20; CuSO4. 5H2O, 0.5; Fe-EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron (III) sodium salt), 15; MnSO4.H2O, 12; (NH4)6Mo7O24 . 4H2O, 0.05; ZnSO4 . 7H2O, 3 µmol/L. The pH was adjusted to 5.5 at every application date.
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| Factor Function |
Mycorrhization did not modify the weight, diameter or length of strawberry fruits but had a negative effect on most colour parameters. Moreover, fruits of mycorrhizal plants had higher K and Cu concentrations and showed greater accumulation of most phenolic compounds.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.003 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.002 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.002 g/kg dry matter
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Glomus intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.003 g/kg dry matter
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Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.002 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.004 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.003 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.003 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.002 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.003 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.002 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.328 g/kg dry matter
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| Species Name: Lentil var. Tina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: H2O2 Treatment; Mannitol Treatment; NaCl Treatment; High Temperature Treatment; Low Temperature Treatment | [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Seeds were sterilized in 1% (v/v) sodium hypochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 10 min, then drained and washed with distilled water until they reached neutral pH. They were placed in distilled water and soaked for 6 h at 25 ℃ . Seeds were dark germinated for 8 days in a growth chamber (SANYO MLR-350H) on Petri dishes (125 mm) lined with absorbent paper. Seedlings were watered with 5 ml of Milli-Q water daily. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ . For each treatment, three replicates were performed.Elicitation conditions were selected in previous screening studies. For the experiments, temperature (4 ℃ and 40 ℃ - TC and TH, respectively), H2O2 (20 mM and 200 mM - Ox1 and Ox2, respectively), mannitol (200 mM and 600 mM - Os1 and Os2, respectively) and NaCl (100 mM and 300 mM - S-Os1 and S-Os2, respectively) were selected as abiotic elicitors. All solutions were freshly prepared before each application. Mannitol (Os1, Os2), NaCl (S-O1, S-O2) and H2O2 (Ox1) treatments were applied by watering daily (not soaking) 2-day-old sprouts with 5 ml of test solution. For Ox2 (200 mM H2O2) treatment 2-day-old seedlings were only once watered with 5 ml of 200 mM H2O2 and then cultivated under standard conditions. For temperature conditioning treatment, 2-day-old sprouts were incubated at 4 ℃ and 40 ℃ (TC and TH, respectively) for 1 h and then cultivated under standard conditions. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ .
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| Factor Function |
Application of abiotic elicitors (environmental shocks) was an effective method for improvement of sprout pro-health potential via an increase of phenolic contents and subsequent elevation of antioxidant potential. Innovative application of elicitors on 2-day-old sprouts (not seed) allowed the elimination of the unfavorable influence of the factors employed on germination yield and biomass production. Assuming that the optimal germination conditions are those which most effectively increase the antioxidant potential without any negative influence on biomass accumulation and nutritional quality the elicitation with 20 mM H2O2 for the future applications is recommended.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Normal condition
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.38 ± 0.02 mg/g flour
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Normal condition
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.04856 ± 0.0019 mg/g flour
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Induction with 20 mM H2O2
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.11014 ± 0.003 mg/g flour
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Induction with 200 mM H2O2
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.12128 ± 0.0021 mg/g flour
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Induction with 200 mM mannitol
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.02677 ± 0.0021 mg/g flour
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Induction with 600 mM mannitol
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.03986 ± 0.0068 mg/g flour
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Induction with 100 mM NaCl
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.00656 ± 0.0001 mg/g flour
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Induction with 300 mM NaCl
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.03924 ± 0.0008 mg/g flour
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Induction at 4 ℃
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.0211 ± 0.0009 mg/g flour
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Induction at 40 ℃
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.02895 ± 0.001 mg/g flour
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| Species Name: Prunus persica Batsch cv. 'Yuhua No. 2' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Low Temperature Treatment; Glycine betaine Treatment | [7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Peach fruit (Prunus persica Batsch cv. 'Yuhua No. 2') was hand-harvested at commercial maturity (about 9-12N firmness, 10-12% total soluble solids) from a local orchard in Nanjing, China. The fresh weight of 'Yuhua No. 2' peach is about 215g and the dry weight is about 30g. The fruit shape is round and the diameter size is about 72 mm. The peaches were selected in uniform size and color and absence of any damage. The selected peaches were randomly divided into two groups, each with 360 fruits for 3 replicates. According to our previous study, 10 mmol/LGB was selected as the treatment concentration. Peach fruits were immersed in 10 mmol/LGB solution for 10 min to ensure that GB could be equally distributed on the fruits. The control fruits were soaked in sterile deionized water for 10 min. After treatment, all fruits were air dried about 30 min and stored at 0℃ with a relative humidity of 85-90% for 35 days. Mesocarp samples were collected from 18 fruits on the 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th, 35th day and frozen in liquid nitrogen, then stored at -80℃ until biochemical analysis. Another 18 fruits were removed from 0℃ after 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th, 35th day, and held at 20℃ for three days to simulate shelf condition, and then evaluated CI index, firmness and extractable juice. Each treatment was replicated three times and the experiment was conducted twice with similar results.
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| Factor Function |
Glycine betaine (GB) treatment enhanced chilling tolerance throughout regulating phenolic and sugar metabolisms in peach fruit during cold storage. The alleviation of chilling injury (CI) by GB treatment may be attributed to enhancement of individual of phenolic compounds and sucrose content, and induce the activities of enzymes related to phenolic and sugar metabolisms.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cold storage(days): 0
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Flesh tissues | Nanjing, China |
NP Content: 22.15 ± 0.86 mg/g fresh weight
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Cold storage(days): 7
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Flesh tissues | Nanjing, China |
NP Content: 30.82 ± 1.03 mg/g fresh weight
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10 mmol/L Glycine betaine + Cold storage(days): 7
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Flesh tissues | Nanjing, China |
NP Content: 45.89 ± 1.24 mg/g fresh weight
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Cold storage(days): 21
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Flesh tissues | Nanjing, China |
NP Content: 26.51 ± 0.65 mg/g fresh weight
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10 mmol/L Glycine betaine + Cold storage(days): 10
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Flesh tissues | Nanjing, China |
NP Content: 36.23 ± 1.42 mg/g fresh weight
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Cold storage(days): 35
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Flesh tissues | Nanjing, China |
NP Content: 20.35 ± 1.34 mg/g fresh weight
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10 mmol/L Glycine betaine + Cold storage(days): 35
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Flesh tissues | Nanjing, China |
NP Content: 30.54 ± 0.68 mg/g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Drought Stress Treatment | [8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
3-year old single shoot V. vinifera plants (cultivar Pinot noir 18 Gm grafted on Kober 5BB, 51 plants) potted in 3L pots in a sandy loam soil were used. All plants were well watered (200 mL per day) at the beginning of the experiment (04.06.2010; DAY 0; 5 plants) and water was supplied to all control plants once every day (250 mL per day), whereas water supply of stressed plants was stopped. Physiological measurements and sampling of leaves took place on 07.06.2010 (DAY 3; 5 control, 5 stressed plants), 10.06.2010 (DAY 6; 5 control, 5 stressed plants) and 12.06.2010 (DAY 8; 5 control, 10 stressed plants). Due to very hot weather conditions in June 2010 the experiment was stopped after 8 days and 12 available control plants were used to restart the drought treatment with 6 control and 6 stressed plants on 11.06.2010 and all plants were measured on 15.06.2010 (DAY 5). The mean leaf temperatures at midday were: 25 ℃ (04.06.2010; DAY 0), 31.9 ℃ (07.06.2010; DAY 3), 30.8 ℃ (15.06.2010; DAY 5), 35.8 ℃ (10.06.2010; DAY 6) and 35.7 ℃ (12.06.2010; DAY 8). The mean PAR radiation per day (measured from 6:00 am till 7:00 pm) was 144.1 µmol m-2 s-1. Each plant was used only once for physiological measurements and sampling of leaves.On every day of the experiment (day 0, 3, 5, 6, 8) the pot weight and the volumetric soil moisture content (ThetaProbe ML2x and handheld data logger Moisture Meter HH2, Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, United Kingdom) was recorded. The water potential (PWSC Model 3000, Soilmoisture Equipment Corporation, Santa Barbara, USA) was determined for the 6th leaf (representing the insertion level of the shoot from the basis) of every plant and measurement day. Chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters of light adapted leaves were determined with the 4th and 5th leaf, whereas dark adaptation was performed only with the 5th leaf. Immediately after these non-invasive measurements, the 5th leaf was harvested, frozen in liquid nitrogen and further used for the measurement of polyphenols, selected primary metabolites and volatiles (VOCs).
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| Factor Function |
The content of different groups of primary and secondary metabolites is significantly influenced by severe drought stress in grapevine leaves. The content of the majority of the metabolites (around 60% of primary metabolites, around 85% of polyphenols and about 40% of the detected and identified VOCs) increased upon drought stress treatment. Among these especially the primary metabolites citric acid and glyceric acid were strongly influenced by the short as well as the prolonged drought stress treatment, whereas all polyphenols were only induced upon the prolonged drought stress treatment.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Normal condition
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Leaves | Vienna, Austria |
NP Content: 7.0 ± 7.3 µg/g dry weight
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Dry 3-5 days
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Leaves | Vienna, Austria |
NP Content: 6.6 ± 7.0 µg/g dry weight
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Dry 6-8 days
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Leaves | Vienna, Austria |
NP Content: 19.3 ± 27.9 µg/g dry weight
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