Details of Factor

General Information of Factor (ID: FP030)
Factor Name		CdCl₂ Treatment; Citric Acid Treatment; Castasterone Treatment
Factor Type		Combined Factors; Molecular Regulation
Factor Description
		Heavy metals can cause long-term harmful effects on ecosystem health. Some heavy metals are essential microelements for plants' development and growth, such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni). Cadmium (Cd), Hg, Pb, Cu, and As are some of the most toxic heavy metals or metalloids found to induce serious poisonous effects on plants such as growth retardation, destruction of chlorophyll, disorders in biochemical activities, mutations, reproductive disorders, disruption of cellular osmoregulation and the degradation of proteolytic activities, heavy metals cause inhibition of seed germination and seedling development. And adversary influence quantitatively and qualitatively the composition (function and diversity) of microbial communities, leading to substantial changes in ecological dynamics of the rhizosphere niche. Click to Show/Hide
		Organic acids influence the physiological attributes and promote metal enrichment in plants under heavy metal stress. Usually, many heavy metals are adsorbed in soil particles to make soil aggregates that are hard to be integrated by plants. Thus, using low molecular weight organic acids like citric acid (CA) is crucial to alter heavy metals' chemical activity/bioavailability and improve phytoextraction. Click to Show/Hide
		Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytosterols that control various growth and developmental activities like cell elongation and division, seed germination, photosynthesis, rhizogenesis, vascular differentiation, and senescence, reproductive development, etc. In addition to their ability to mediate normal growth and development, BRs are also implicated in environmental stress tolerance like heavy metals and pesticides. Castasterone (CS) and 24-epibrassinolide is a bioactive brassinosteroid like brassinolide. Click to Show/Hide

The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by This Factor
*Species Name: Brassica juncea* L.**
Species Info Click to show the detail information of this Factor
Experiment Detail	Earthen pots (12 in. diameter) were filled with five kg of soil per pot and arranged in a randomized block design (Kothari, 2004) with 5 pots for each treatment. 0 mM Cd(II) was added to the soil in form of anhydrous CdCl₂. The seeds of B. juncea var. RLC-1 (procured from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India) were surface sterilized with 0.5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite. These were then soaked in different concentration of castasterone (CS) (0 nM) for 8 h before sowing. After seven days of germination, 0 mM citric acid (CA) was supplemented to the soil. The plants were harvested after 30 days of sowing, and fresh mature top leaves were analysed for biochemical, physiological and molecular studies. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function	Castasterone (CS) and Citric Acid (CA) treatments also improved the osmolyte contents of the leaves which enabled the plants to tide over Cd (II) stress. Beta regression and multiple linear regression analysis showed that CS treatment has more positive effect on shoot height, fresh weight and photosynthetic pigments and efficiency than the CA treatment. The most effective concentration enhancing Cd(II) stress tolerance in B. juncea plants was seed soaking treatment with 100 nM CS and soil application of 0.6 mM/kg CA soil. Click to Show/Hide
Mechanism	The present study found that relative expression of CHLASE gene was significantly increased by 3.57 folds under Cd(II) toxicity. Seed pre-sowing treatment of 100 nM CS and soil citric acid application significantly lowered expression of CHLASE in 30 day old B. juncea leaves. MLR analysis also revealed positive effect of Cd(II) and negative effects of CA and CS treatments on fold change of CHLASE expression. Maximum reduction in CHLASE expression of 1.19 fold was observed with binary combination of CS (100 nM) and CA (0.6 mM/kg) in the leaves of Cd(II) stressed B. juncea.Expression of PSY and CHS genes was significantly enhanced by binary combination of CS and CA treatment by 2.85 fold and 5.15 fold, respectively. MLR analysis also revealed that CS, CA and Cd(II) treatments positively regressed on fold change of PSY and CHS expressions. Click to Show/Hide
Carotenoids						[1]
Factor		Link	Part	Location	NP Content
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone (Control)		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.8 ± 0.19 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.8 ± 0.16 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.9 ± 0.15 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.2 ± 0.25 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.8 ± 0.15 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4 ± 0.24 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.9 ± 0.15 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.4 ± 0.26 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 2.6 ± 0.18 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.1 ± 0.11 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.3 ± 0.26 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.4 ± 0.11 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.5 ± 0.29 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.9 ± 0.29 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.8 ± 0.33 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4 ± 0.09 mg/g dry weight
Flavonoids						[1]
Factor		Link	Part	Location	NP Content
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone (Control)		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.76 ± 0.10 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.25 ± 0.17 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.90 ± 0.15 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.19 ± 0.16 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.05 ± 0.19 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.06 ± 0.18 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.31 ± 0.16 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.37 ± 0.15 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.43 ± 0.27 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.46 ± 0.27 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.60 ± 0.30 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.93 ± 0.27 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.74 ± 0.30 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.65 ± 0.28 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.96 ± 0.29 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.38 ± 0.27 mg/g dry weight
Flavylium						[1]
Factor		Link	Part	Location	NP Content
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone (Control)		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.09 ± 0.004 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.101 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.104 ± 0.006 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.109 ± 0.013 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.094 ± 0.007 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.099 ± 0.002 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.099 ± 0.007 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.1 ± 0.006 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.106 ± 0.011 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.115 ± 0.007 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.124 ± 0.003 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.127 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.124 ± 0.007 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.13 ± 0.011 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.14 ± 0.006 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 0.145 ± 0.013 mg/g dry weight
Proline						[1]
Factor		Link	Part	Location	NP Content
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone (Control)		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 2.59 ± 0.16 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 2.69 ± 0.21 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 2.8 ± 0.08 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.11 ± 0.12 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 2.68 ± 0.08 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 2.86 ± 0.23 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 2.88 ± 0.17 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.13 ± 0.25 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.29 ± 0.36 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.08 ± 0.28 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.45 ± 0.25 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.41 ± 0.22 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.55 ± 0.48 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.73 ± 0.37 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.92 ± 0.3 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.3 ± 0.24 mg/g dry weight
Total Carbohydrates						[1]
Factor		Link	Part	Location	NP Content
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone (Control)		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.68 ± 0.27 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.76 ± 0.23 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.81 ± 0.32 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.22 ± 0.11 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 3.93 ± 0.40 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.52 ± 0.38 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.72 ± 0.33 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.97 ± 0.35 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 4.77 ± 0.19 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.34 ± 0.42 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.51 ± 0.28 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.77 ± 0.28 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.63 ± 0.41 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.84 ± 0.20 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 5.87 ± 0.32 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 6.09 ± 0.26 mg/g dry weight
Total Chlorophylls						[1]
Factor		Link	Part	Location	NP Content
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone (Control)		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 12 ± 0.2 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 12.4 ± 0.3 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 13.8 ± 0.4 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 15.1 ± 0.2 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 12.2 ± 0.4 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 13.6 ± 0.9 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 13 ± 0.4 mg/g dry weight
0 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 14.4 ± 0.4 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 7.8 ± 0.7 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 9.3 ± 0.6 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 10.9 ± 0.5 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 10.6 ± 0.5 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 11.3 ± 0.5 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 0.01 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 11.7 ± 0.4 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 1 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 12 ± 0.5 mg/g dry weight
0.6 mM/kg CdCl₂ + 0.6 mM/kg Citric Acid+ 100 nM Castasterone		NP Info	Fresh leaves	NA	NP Content: 12.5 ± 0.5 mg/g dry weight

References
1	Castasterone and citric acid treatment restores photosynthetic attributes in Brassica juncea L. under Cd(II) toxicity

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