| The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Species Name: Amaranthus tricolor genotype VA13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: NaCl Treatment | [1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
On the basis of previous studies, an antioxidant enriched high yield potential genotype (Accession VA13) was selected for this investigation. This genotype was grown in pots of a rain shelter open field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh (AEZ-28, 24° 23′ north latitude, 90° 08′ east longitude, 8.4 m.s.l.). The seeds were sown in plastic pots (15 cm in height and 40 cm length and 30 cm width) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. N: P2O5:K2O were applied @92:48:60 kg/ha as a split dose. First, in pot soil, @46:48:60 kg ha 1 N: P2O5:K2O and second, at 7 days after sowing (DAS) @46:0:0 kg/ha N: P2O5:K2O. The genotype was grouped into three sets and subjected to four salinity stress treatments that are, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaCl, and control or no saline water (NS). Pots were well irrigated with fresh water every day up to 10 days after sowing (DAS) of seeds for proper establishment and vigorous growth of seedlings. Imposition of salinity stress treatment was started at 11 DAS and continued up to 40 DAS (edible stage). Saline water (100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl and 25 mM NaCl) and fresh water were applied to respective pots once a day. At 40 DAS the leaves of Amaranthus tricolor were harvested. All the parameters were measured in six samples.
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| Factor Function |
At Moderate salinity stress (MSS) and Severe salinity stress (SSS) conditions, leaf color parameters and pigments, vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of A. tricolor leaves were very high compared to control condition. Hence, salt-stressed A. tricolor leaves had a good source of natural antioxidants compared to plant grown in normal cultivation practices.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No saline water (Control)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 16.53 ± 0.42 µg/g fresh weight
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25 mM NaCl (Low salinity stress)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 17.85 ± 0.24 µg/g fresh weight
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50 mM NaCl (Moderate salinity stress)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 24.87 ± 0.35 µg/g fresh weight
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100 mM NaCl (Severe salinity stress)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 28.61 ± 0.61 µg/g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Lentil var. Tina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: H2O2 Treatment; Mannitol Treatment; NaCl Treatment; High Temperature Treatment; Low Temperature Treatment | [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Seeds were sterilized in 1% (v/v) sodium hypochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 10 min, then drained and washed with distilled water until they reached neutral pH. They were placed in distilled water and soaked for 6 h at 25 ℃ . Seeds were dark germinated for 8 days in a growth chamber (SANYO MLR-350H) on Petri dishes (125 mm) lined with absorbent paper. Seedlings were watered with 5 ml of Milli-Q water daily. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ . For each treatment, three replicates were performed.Elicitation conditions were selected in previous screening studies. For the experiments, temperature (4 ℃ and 40 ℃ - TC and TH, respectively), H2O2 (20 mM and 200 mM - Ox1 and Ox2, respectively), mannitol (200 mM and 600 mM - Os1 and Os2, respectively) and NaCl (100 mM and 300 mM - S-Os1 and S-Os2, respectively) were selected as abiotic elicitors. All solutions were freshly prepared before each application. Mannitol (Os1, Os2), NaCl (S-O1, S-O2) and H2O2 (Ox1) treatments were applied by watering daily (not soaking) 2-day-old sprouts with 5 ml of test solution. For Ox2 (200 mM H2O2) treatment 2-day-old seedlings were only once watered with 5 ml of 200 mM H2O2 and then cultivated under standard conditions. For temperature conditioning treatment, 2-day-old sprouts were incubated at 4 ℃ and 40 ℃ (TC and TH, respectively) for 1 h and then cultivated under standard conditions. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ .
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| Factor Function |
Application of abiotic elicitors (environmental shocks) was an effective method for improvement of sprout pro-health potential via an increase of phenolic contents and subsequent elevation of antioxidant potential. Innovative application of elicitors on 2-day-old sprouts (not seed) allowed the elimination of the unfavorable influence of the factors employed on germination yield and biomass production. Assuming that the optimal germination conditions are those which most effectively increase the antioxidant potential without any negative influence on biomass accumulation and nutritional quality the elicitation with 20 mM H2O2 for the future applications is recommended.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Normal condition
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.0283 ± 0.0012 mg/g flour
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Induction with 20 mM H2O2
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.03725 ± 0.0046 mg/g flour
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Induction with 200 mM H2O2
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.03045 ± 0.0023 mg/g flour
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Induction with 200 mM mannitol
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.04288 ± 0.0017 mg/g flour
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Induction with 600 mM mannitol
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.03954 ± 0.0022 mg/g flour
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Induction with 100 mM NaCl
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.0275 ± 0.0006 mg/g flour
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Induction with 300 mM NaCl
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.03386 ± 0.0026 mg/g flour
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Induction at 4 ℃
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.0425 ± 0.0025 mg/g flour
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Induction at 40 ℃
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.04347 ± 0.0025 mg/g flour
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| Species Name: Rubus idaeus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Organic Fertilization; Traditional Fertilization | [3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiment was carried out in 2013. Leaves of five raspberry cultivars ('Polana', 'Polka', 'Tulameen', 'Laszka' and 'Glen Ample') were collected at the time of cultivation. Three organic and neighborhood conventional farms were used for experimental purposes. From one cultivar (one field plot), 3-4 plants were chosen, which were analyzed separately. One sample consisted of 10 leaves. The farm was treated as a replication. [organic farm no. 1 Localization: akroczym(52° 26″ N 20° 36″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and IVb category (15% floatable particles) pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 35 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Grevit 200 SL; organic farm no. 2 Localization: Zaluski (52° 37″ N 20° 22″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil, sandy-clay IV category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer:cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 30 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: no protection; organic farm no. 3 Localization: Radzanow(51° 33″ N 20° 51″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and III category (10% floatable particles), pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:sheep manure, green manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Bioczos 33 SL, Grevit 200 SL; conventional farm no. 1 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: Hydrocomplex 12-11-18; Superba 8-11-36, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: (200 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha) in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Signum 33 WG, Miros 20 SP; conventional farm no. 2 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (25% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: amonium nitrate, polyphosphate, magnesium sulphate, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG; conventional farm no. 3 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla(52° 25″ N 20° 23″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-clay middle soil II and III category (20% floatable particles) pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:Rosafert 5-12-24-3, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 250 kg/ha in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 4 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG].
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| Factor Function |
Compared with conventional raspberry leaves, organic raspberry leaves were characterized by a significantly higher content of dry matter, total polyphenols, total phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside; moreover, the organic leaves were characterized by higher antioxidant activity. Among examined cultivars, 'Polka' c. was characterized by the highest antioxidant status. However, raspberry leaves from conventional farms contained more total carotenoids, violaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, total chlorophyll and individual forms of chlorophylls: a and b.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cultivation System: organic farm
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 3.51 ± 1.12 mg/100g fresh weight
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Cultivation System: conventional farm
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 2.51 ± 0.08 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Polana
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 2.93 ± 0.11 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Polka
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 2.92 ± 0.36 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Tulameen
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 3.20 ± 0.36 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Laszka
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 2.65 ± 0.27 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Glen Ample
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 3.13 ± 0.23 mg/100g fresh weight
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