On the basis of previous studies, an antioxidant enriched high yield potential genotype (Accession VA13) was selected for this investigation. This genotype was grown in pots of a rain shelter open field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh (AEZ-28, 24° 23′ north latitude, 90° 08′ east longitude, 8.4 m.s.l.). The seeds were sown in plastic pots (15 cm in height and 40 cm length and 30 cm width) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. N: P₂O₅:K₂O were applied @92:48:60 kg/ha as a split dose. First, in pot soil, @46:48:60 kg ha 1 N: P₂O₅:K₂O and second, at 7 days after sowing (DAS) @46:0:0 kg/ha N: P₂O₅:K₂O. The genotype was grouped into three sets and subjected to four salinity stress treatments that are, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaCl, and control or no saline water (NS). Pots were well irrigated with fresh water every day up to 10 days after sowing (DAS) of seeds for proper establishment and vigorous growth of seedlings. Imposition of salinity stress treatment was started at 11 DAS and continued up to 40 DAS (edible stage). Saline water (100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl and 25 mM NaCl) and fresh water were applied to respective pots once a day. At 40 DAS the leaves of Amaranthus tricolor were harvested. All the parameters were measured in six samples.

At Moderate salinity stress (MSS) and Severe salinity stress (SSS) conditions, leaf color parameters and pigments, vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of A. tricolor leaves were very high compared to control condition. Hence, salt-stressed A. tricolor leaves had a good source of natural antioxidants compared to plant grown in normal cultivation practices.

Seeds of eight different accessions (TT-00, UAG/1907C, ELG/1907C, ELG/1907B, WPK/2007, KF-14, KF-05A, KF-03) of CG were obtained from the Centre for Biodiversity Kenya Resources Centre for Indigenous Knowledge, National Museums of Kenya, and germinated in a growth chamber at the SMART FARM in KIST (Gangneung, Korea). The seeds were sown in 200 holed trays with soil at a pH of 5-7, volume density = 0.3, and E.C < 1.0 ds/m at a temperature ranging between 25 and 30 ℃, humidity 60-80%, and 16/8 h day/night condition. After 1 week, the germinated plants were transplanted to pots and transferred to the greenhouse, whose temperature conditions were maintained at 20-25 ℃. Sampling was done at vegetative, flowering, and seed set stages of the plant, and the various organs of the sampled materials were separated into roots, flowers siliques, and a combination of leaves and stem (LS).

There were significant interaction effects of growth stages and accessions that contributed to changes in compounds content and AOA. TPC accumulated in plant generative parts, whereas flavonoids accumulated in young plant organs. HPLC profiling revealed that rutin was the most abundant compound in all organs, with flowers having the highest levels, while astragalin was only found in flowers. Silique extracts, particularly accession KF-14, recorded the highest TPC, which corresponded to the strongest radical scavenging activity in ABTS and DPPH assays and a strong linear correlation. The germplasm contained accessions with significantly different and varying levels of bioactive compounds and AOA. These findings potentiate the exploitation of CG organs such as siliques for AOA, flowers for rutin and astragalin, and young shoots for flavonoids. Moreover, the significant accumulation of the compounds in particular accessions of the germplasms suggest that such superior accessions may be useful candidates in genetic breeding programs to improve CG vegetable.

The air temperature was controlled at 23/18 &#8451 or 28/23 &#8451 (day/night). Whilst the CO₂ concentration was maintained at 360 or 720 µmol/mol. The temperature and CO₂ treatments were randomly assigned in each of the four groups. One G. pentaphyllum plant (5-foliolate) was obtained from Beishan of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province and then planted in Zhejiang Normal University of botany experimental garden. Reproduction of new plants was used by cutting propagation. After 5 years we obtained sufficient plant material for this study. The seedlings were planted in a temperature-controlled greenhouse (24 &#8451) from October to December (2014). Prior to treatment in a growth chamber, healthy plants were transplanted into pots (18 cm × 16 cm). The pots were filled with 3 kg of red soil combined with organic fertilizer of peat (19:1, w/w; total of organic matter content is approximately 60 g/kg). 50 plants were moved to each growth chamber. All plants were watered sparingly twice a week with 100 mL of modified Hoagland nutrient solution. The plant samples were evaluated at 60 days after treatment.

Elevated CO₂ increased the level of total sugars and gypenoside A, but decreased the total antioxidant capacity and main antioxidant compounds in different organs of G. pentaphyllum. Also, TP content at CT was lower than C. Similarly, TP content of leaves significantly decreased at T compared to CK, with a drop of 25.65%. Furthermore, high temperature and elevated CO₂ level significantly decreased the TP contents of leaves and stems. These results suggest that elevated CO₂ and increased temperature does not favor accumulation of phenolics in G. pentaphyllum organs.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Twelve cultivars of leaf-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) were selected for the study. This type of lettuce forms open heads with loose leaves that do not close to cover younger leaves. Six green-colored cultivars originated from Semo, a.s., Czech Republic (Dubagold, Zlatava, and Zoltan) and Bejo Zaden B.V., Netherlands (Aleppo, Biondonna, and Kiribati); six red-colored cultivars were also from Semo (Dubared, Roden, and Rosaura) and Bejo Zaden (Carmesi, Oakly, and Spectation). The experiments were performed in the spring period (April, May). Lettuce seeds were sown in plastic pots and germinated under standard laboratory conditions (ca. 21 ℃ , 12-hour photoperiod). After germination, the lettuce plants were transplanted into a growth chamber (air-conditioned box model MC1750 (Snijders Scientific, Tilburg, Netherlands) and grown under 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod, 21/18 ℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 250 µmol.m ^-2.s^-1 light intensity. The commercial peat substrate (Klasmann, Germany) was used (pH 6.0, nutrient content: N: 220 mg/L, P₂O₅: 110 mg/L, K₂O: 220 mg/L, Mg: 80 mg/L). Approximately at the stage of second, fully expanded, true leaf the plants were transplanted to 0.5 l pots and kept at the same conditions for seven days to recover. After recovery, the plants were transferred into one of the three experimental conditions described below. Plants were watered regularly to avoid drought stress. Considering a high level of nutrients in the substrate and a short duration of the experiments, no additional nutrition was applied to plants.The experiments were held at SAU in Nitra (48° 19′ 7″ N, 18° 4′ 55″ E, 144 m asl). To distinguish the effects of UV radiation from other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, the plants were grown in three different environments: 1. direct sunlight (outdoor conditions with high UV), 2. under clear glass (outdoor conditions with low UV), and 3. greenhouse (indoor conditions with low UV).Plants grown under direct sunlight conditions were placed into a vegetation cage (a walk-in cage surrounded by the thin wire mesh from the top and side to protect the experimental plants against birds and animals) and exposed to almost unrestricted sunlight and ambient temperature and humidity. Plants were watered as needed to achieve a fully hydrated state. Temperature outdoors was monitored.Plants grown under clear glass were placed in similar environmental conditions as those cultivated under direct sunlight, but were grown in the glass shelter constructed from clear glass sheets (thickness of 8 mm). The clear glass sheets were positioned such as to eliminate UV light coming to plants from the south and above. The backside (oriented to the north) of this glass shelter was covered by the plastic-coated wire mesh not impeding the flow of air, so the temperature and other conditions were almost identical to fully open outdoor conditions. Temperature outdoors and under the glass sheets was occasionally compared using hand-held thermometers, showing only insignificant differences. The glass cover lowered the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 10-15% at noon due to absorbance and reflectance of radiation by the glass. The overhang of the glass shelter, wire mesh from the north part as well as composition of buildings from the north west and east direction was very favorable to prevent excessive access of diffuse UV radiation. Thus, despite UV radiation is not fully eliminated, its level represents only a small fraction compared to the direct UV radiation incident to plants exposed to direct sunlight outdoors.Plants grown indoors were placed in a regular greenhouse constructed from clear glass that eliminated approximately 15-20% of PAR intensity at noon. Light intensity in the greenhouse reached almost 1,000 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 during sunny days, therefore it can still be regarded as fully saturating or excessive radiation, similar to that at outdoor conditions. Temperature in the greenhouse was lowered during the day by the automated ventilation, but air vents were closed during the night. Temperature in the greenhouse was substantially higher than outdoors (environmental conditions 1 and 2). During the experiment, the night temperature in the greenhouse ranged between 15 and 20 ℃ , whereas the daily maximum temperature oscillated mostly between 20 and 32 ℃ . The maximum temperature of 35 ℃ was reached during a few of the warmest days. In each environment, plants were grown in the randomized complete block design, with weekly rotations of plant positions. Four healthy, well-developed plants from each cultivar were selected for analyses from each of the three environments. Non-destructive analyses started 30 days after sowing and continued for another 30 days. The complete above-ground parts of the plants were harvested at the end of the experiment (60 days after sewing) and were used for destructive analyses.Comparison between environments is based on the assumption that the plants grown under the glass sheets outdoors were exposed to similar light and low UV conditions as the plants in the greenhouse, but the temperature conditions were similar to those in direct sunlight outdoors. By comparing accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants grown in the three environments, we could distinguish the effects caused by UV radiation from those caused by the temperature.

Increased accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids was observed in direct sunlight conditions outdoors as compared to the greenhouse conditions with low UV radiation, but elevated day and night temperatures. The level of UV radiation played a dominant role in the accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and methoxycinnamic acid; while temperature was a major factor affecting concentrations of phenolic acids, mostly rosmarinic, p-anisic and vanillic acid. The concentrations of compounds estimated with the non-invasive fluorescence excitation ratio method were highly consistent with those obtained by standard analytical approaches.

Seeds were sterilized in 1% (v/v) sodium hypochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 10 min, then drained and washed with distilled water until they reached neutral pH. They were placed in distilled water and soaked for 6 h at 25 ℃ . Seeds were dark germinated for 8 days in a growth chamber (SANYO MLR-350H) on Petri dishes (125 mm) lined with absorbent paper. Seedlings were watered with 5 ml of Milli-Q water daily. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ . For each treatment, three replicates were performed.Elicitation conditions were selected in previous screening studies. For the experiments, temperature (4 ℃ and 40 ℃ - TC and TH, respectively), H₂O2 (20 mM and 200 mM - Ox1 and Ox2, respectively), mannitol (200 mM and 600 mM - Os1 and Os2, respectively) and NaCl (100 mM and 300 mM - S-Os1 and S-Os2, respectively) were selected as abiotic elicitors. All solutions were freshly prepared before each application. Mannitol (Os1, Os2), NaCl (S-O1, S-O2) and H₂O2 (Ox1) treatments were applied by watering daily (not soaking) 2-day-old sprouts with 5 ml of test solution. For Ox2 (200 mM H₂O2) treatment 2-day-old seedlings were only once watered with 5 ml of 200 mM H₂O2 and then cultivated under standard conditions. For temperature conditioning treatment, 2-day-old sprouts were incubated at 4 ℃ and 40 ℃ (TC and TH, respectively) for 1 h and then cultivated under standard conditions. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ .

Application of abiotic elicitors (environmental shocks) was an effective method for improvement of sprout pro-health potential via an increase of phenolic contents and subsequent elevation of antioxidant potential. Innovative application of elicitors on 2-day-old sprouts (not seed) allowed the elimination of the unfavorable influence of the factors employed on germination yield and biomass production. Assuming that the optimal germination conditions are those which most effectively increase the antioxidant potential without any negative influence on biomass accumulation and nutritional quality the elicitation with 20 mM H₂O₂ for the future applications is recommended.

The experiment was carried out in 2013. Leaves of five raspberry cultivars ('Polana', 'Polka', 'Tulameen', 'Laszka' and 'Glen Ample') were collected at the time of cultivation. Three organic and neighborhood conventional farms were used for experimental purposes. From one cultivar (one field plot), 3-4 plants were chosen, which were analyzed separately. One sample consisted of 10 leaves. The farm was treated as a replication. [organic farm no. 1 Localization: akroczym(52° 26″ N 20° 36″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and IVb category (15% floatable particles) pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 35 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Grevit 200 SL; organic farm no. 2 Localization: Zaluski (52° 37″ N 20° 22″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil, sandy-clay IV category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer:cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 30 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: no protection; organic farm no. 3 Localization: Radzanow(51° 33″ N 20° 51″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and III category (10% floatable particles), pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:sheep manure, green manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Bioczos 33 SL, Grevit 200 SL; conventional farm no. 1 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: Hydrocomplex 12-11-18; Superba 8-11-36, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: (200 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha) in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Signum 33 WG, Miros 20 SP; conventional farm no. 2 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (25% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: amonium nitrate, polyphosphate, magnesium sulphate, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG; conventional farm no. 3 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla(52° 25″ N 20° 23″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-clay middle soil II and III category (20% floatable particles) pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:Rosafert 5-12-24-3, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 250 kg/ha in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 4 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG].

Compared with conventional raspberry leaves, organic raspberry leaves were characterized by a significantly higher content of dry matter, total polyphenols, total phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside; moreover, the organic leaves were characterized by higher antioxidant activity. Among examined cultivars, 'Polka' c. was characterized by the highest antioxidant status. However, raspberry leaves from conventional farms contained more total carotenoids, violaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, total chlorophyll and individual forms of chlorophylls: a and b.