Details of Natural Product (NP)

General Information of Natural Product (ID: NP0019)
Natural Product Name	Alpha-Farnesene
Synonyms	alpha-Farnesene; Farnesene; 502-61-4; a-farnesene; (E,E)-alpha-farnesene; (3E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene; (3E,6E)-alpha-Farnesene; .alpha.-Farnesene; UNII-7E1785CZ0H; 1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (3E,6E)-; (E)-alpha-Farnesene; 3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene; CHEBI:10280; 2,6,10-Trimethyldodeca-2,6,9,11-tetraene; 7E1785CZ0H; trans,trans-alpha-farnesene; alpha-Farnesene (natural); Farnesene, mixture of isomers; Sesquicitronellene; I+/--farnesene; EINECS 207-948-6; 1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E,E)-; .alpha.-E,E-Farnesene; .alpha.-trans-Farnesene; trans-.alpha.-Farnesene; farnesene (e,e-alpha-); .alpha.-Farnesene isomer; (E,E)-.alpha.-Farnesene; DSSTox_CID_27202; DSSTox_RID_82197; DSSTox_GSID_47202; 1,3,6,10-Farnesatetraene; .alpha.-trans,trans-Farnesene; trans,trans-.alpha.-Farnesene; .alpha.-Farnesene, (E,E)-; .alpha.-Farnesene (isomer 1); (3E,6E)- .alpha.-Farnesene; (3E,6E)-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene; CHEMBL3182226; DTXSID4047202; CHEBI:39236; ZINC1531529; Tox21_303626; MFCD00036650; NCGC00256793-01; CAS-502-61-4; Farnesene, mixture of isomers, stabilized; HY-14620; CS-0003479; 3,7,11-Trimethyl-dodeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene; C09665; 1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-; A828033; Q419814; trans-2,6,10-Trimethyl-2,6,9,11-dodecatetraene; trans-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene; 2,6,10-Trimethyl-2,6,9,11-dodecatetraene, trans-; (3E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-dodeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene; (3E,6E)-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene #; UNII-4P3OFI15E1 component CXENHBSYCFFKJS-VDQVFBMKSA-N; 3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene, (trans,trans)- Click to Show/Hide
Formula	C₁₅H₂₄
Weight	204.35
Structure
Structure	3D Structure Download		2D Structure Download
InChI	InChI=1S/C15H24/c1-6-14(4)10-8-12-15(5)11-7-9-13(2)3/h6,9-10,12H,1,7-8,11H2,2-5H3/b14-10+,15-12+
InChI Key	CXENHBSYCFFKJS-VDQVFBMKSA-N
Isomeric SMILES	CC(=CCC/C(=C/C/C=C(\\C)/C=C)/C)C
Canonical SMILES	CC(=CCCC(=CCC=C(C)C=C)C)C
External Links	PubChem ID	5281516
	CAS ID	502-61-4
	NPASS ID	NPC60288
	CHEMBL ID	CHEMBL3182226
NP Activity Charts	Click to show/hide
Activity Info

The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s)
Species Name: Artemisia arborescens
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[1]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Fresh plant samples of A. arborescens growing in Sicily were collected from five different sites: Petru (N 37° 59′ 46″, E 13° 38′ 53″, 69 m); Diga (N 37° 57′ 23″, E 13° 39′ 05″, 198 m), Felice (N 37° 56′ 44″, E 13° 36′ 38″, 484 m), Torto (N 37° 57′ 53″, E 13° 46′ 30″, 55 m) and Artese (N 37° 58′ 28″, E 13° 44′ 13″, 10 m) in January 2010. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Forty-three compounds, accounting for more than 92% of the oil, were identified. Monoterpene fraction with the exception of Petru population was higher than the sesquiterpene fraction. beta-Thujone (20.5-55.9%), chamazulene (15.2-49.4%), camphor (1.3-10.7%) and germacrene D (2.3-3.4%) were the main compounds. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Petru, Sicily			Aerial parts	Sicily		NP Content: 0.5 %
Locality: Diga, Sicily			Aerial parts	Sicily		NP Content: 0.4 %
Locality: Felice, Sicily			Aerial parts	Sicily		NP Content: 0.1 %
Locality: Venti, Sicily			Aerial parts	Sicily		NP Content: <0.1 %
Locality: Arte, Sicily			Aerial parts	Sicily		NP Content: 0.2 %
Species Name: Artemisia campestris
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[2]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		The aerial parts (~20 cm, 15-100 g) of A. campestris L. from ten different wild populations of Lithuania were gathered at the full flowering stage. Plant material was dried at room temperature (20-25 ℃). Oils (samples 1-10) obtained from Artemisia campestris plants collected at sampling sites (A-I,Y) characterized by locality, city (c.) or district (d.), soil type (Or, ordo; Sn, sand; Sl, sandy loam; Gr, gravel; Lm, loam) and description of natural habitat (Af, abandoned field; Fe, forest edge; Ct, cutting area; Mw, meadow; Rs, roadside; Rv, river valley): A (1) Birstonas c. (Or, Ct); B (2) Palanga c. (Sn, Fe); C (3) Nociunai, Kedainai d. (Or, Mw); D (4) Alytus c. (Sl, Rs); E (5) Moletai c. (Lm, Af); F (6) Kaltanenai, Sencionys d. (Gr, Fe); G (7) Merkine, Alytus d. (Sl, Ct); H (8) Trakai c. (Gr, Af); I (9) Druskininkai c. (Or, Rv); Y (10) Vilnius c. (Gr, Af). Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		The main chemical profile (ten samples) was characterized by the predominance of germacrene D (9.8-31.2%), while spathulenol, humulene epoxide II and caryophyllene oxide were found as the first major compounds in another three oils. One oil was determined as a mixed chemotype. Some compounds such as gamma-curcumene, alpha-cadinol, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, beta-ylangene, beta-selinene and humulene epoxide II have been mentioned for the first time among three principal constituents in A. campestris oils. The fifty-six components made up 73.6.1-98.5% of the total content, while the remaining twenty-six volatile compounds were identified in insignificant amounts in the A. campestris essential oils. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Birstonas city, Lithuania (soil type: ordo; natural habitat: cutting area)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 3.1 %
Locality: Palanga city, Lithuania (soil type: sand; natural habitat: forest edge)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 3.3 %
Locality: Nociunai, Kedainai district, Lithuania (soil type: ordo; natural habitat: meadow)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 0.6 %
Locality: Alytus city, Lithuania (soil type: sandy loam; natural habitat: roadside)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 2.6 %
Locality: Moletai city, Lithuania (soil type: loam; natural habitat: abandoned field)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 1.4 %
Locality: Kaltanenai, Sencionys district, Lithuania (soil type: gravel; natural habitat: forest edge)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 1.6 %
Locality: Merkine, Alytus district, Lithuania (soil type: sandy loam; natural habitat: cutting area)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 2 %
Locality: Trakai city, Lithuania (soil type: gravel; natural habitat: abandoned field)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 5.2 %
Locality: Druskininkai city, Lithuania (soil type: ordo; natural habitat: river valley)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 0.5 %
Locality: Vilnius city, Lithuania (soil type: gravel; natural habitat: abandoned field)			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 2.8 %
Species Name: Artemisia ferganensis
	Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation				[3]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		The leaves of aerial parts were collected in Heshuo county of Xinjiang province in China in July 2003 (a vegetative stage), June 2003 (a budding stage); and August 2003 (a flowering stage), respectively. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Only 23 constituents were present at the budding stage, while 24 and 26 at the flowering and vegetative stages, respectively. p-Cymene and gamma-terpinene were not detected at the vegetative stage of the plant. During the budding stage, butyric, beta-caryophyllene, geranyl acetate and cis-jasmone could not be detected. Benzaldehyde was observed only at the vegetative stage. Variations were also observed in quantity. In all cases the analyzed oils were characterized by the high concentration of alpha-thujone, ranging in amount from 37.0% at the vegetative stage to 54.8% at the budding stage. The concentration of alpha-thujone at the flowering stage (49.0%) was lower than the budding stage, but higher than the vegetative stage. The concentration of cis-chrysanthenyl acetate varied between 23.5% and 7.2%, respectively, at the vegetative and budding stages. At the vegetative stage the concentration of 1,8-cineole was observed to be the lowest. It was highest at the budding stage, representing 10.4%, then decreased gradually to 8.8% at the flowering stage. The concentration of beta-thujone was relatively low at the vegetative stage, representing 8.6%, and then increased to 10.5% at the budding stage. When flowers appeared it was found to vary a little. Finally, the concentration of sabinyl acetate ranged from 10.2% (vegetative stage) to 6.5% (flowering stage). Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Vegetative stage			Leaves	Heshuo, Xinjiang, China		NP Content: 0.1 %
Budding stage			Leaves	Heshuo, Xinjiang, China		NP Content: 0.1 %
Species Name: Artemisia verlotiorum
	Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation				[4]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Plant material of A. verlotiorum was harvested near Marseille (France) in May (before blooming) and November (full flowering) 2000. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		For the oil from the vegetative plants, 50 compounds, representing 99.8% of the oil were characterized. Fifty-nine compounds, representing 99.6% of the oil were identified in the oil from flowering plants. In both cases, the constituents were mainly oxygenated monoterpenes (74% and 88%). The composition of each oil showed only a few differences, as the main components were alpha-thujone (55% and 44%), 1,8-cineole (5% and 15%), beta-caryophyllene (13% and 7%) and beta-thujone (5% and 11%), in the oils of the vegetative plant and flowering plant, respectively. The proportions of the oxygenated compounds seemed to increase during flowering. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Aerial part: before blooming stage			Aerial parts	Marseille, France		NP Content: 0.3 %
*Species Name: Citrus sinensis* (Hongjiang)**
	Factor Name: Variety Comparison				[5]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Four kinds of fresh sweet oranges were obtained in the same season, November 2000, in Guangzhou. Citrus sinensis var. Hongjiang (called 'hong jiang chen' in Chinese) and C. sinensis Osbeck var. Anliu (called 'luo gang chen') were obtained at an orchard in Luo gang in Guangzhou (25 km from the center of Guangzhou). Citrus sinensis var. Sihui (called 'sihui ju') was harvested at the Shigou Experimental Farm in Sihui City in Guangdong Province (75 km far away from Guangzhou). Citrus sinensis var. Washington navel (called 'qi chen') which was produced in Jiangxi Province (200 km from Guangzhou; bordering Guangdong Province), was purchased at the wholesale market in Guangzhou. All oranges were kept in a cold room until prepared a few days later. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		The peel oil compositions of four kinds of sweet oranges in China, Citrus sinensis Osbeck var. Hongjian, C. sinensis Osbeck var. Anliu, C. sinensis Osbeck var. Sihui and C. sinensis Osbeck var. Washington navel, were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The essential oils were extracted by cold-pressing method. Forty-two to 53 compounds were quantitatively determined for each variety. Their percentages, respectively, were: > 97.3%, > 98.4%, > 97.5% and > 98.0% in hydrocarbons; > 1.5%, > 0.7%, > 0.8% and > 0.9% in total aldehydes; 0.8%, 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.5% in alcohols. Either cis-or trans-limonene oxide was detected in small amounts in each of the four samples, with Hongjiang containing both limonene oxides. delta-3-Carene was commonly quantified at a level of 0.1% in all the samples. The content of aliphatic aldehydes, including octanal, nonanal, decanal and dodecanal, exceeded that of terpene aldehydes, such as neral and geranial in Hongjiang (0.9%) and Washington navel (0.6%), whereas the aliphatic aldehydes in Anliu and Sihui were present to a lesser degree than the terpene aldehydes. Either alpha- or beta-sinensal was detected in trace amounts in each of the four samples. Linalool was the major alcohol in all the samples. Nootkatone was not detected. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Citrus sinensis var. Anliu			Fruits	China		NP Content: 0.1 %
Citrus sinensis var. Hongjiang			Fruits	China		NP Content: 0.1 %
Citrus sinensis var. Sihui			Fruits	China		NP Content: 0.1 %
Citrus sinensis var. Washington navel			Fruits	China		NP Content: > 0.005; < 0.05 %
Species Name: Dalbergia odorifera
	Factor Name: NaCl Treatment; Acetic Acid Treatment; H2O2 Treatment				[6]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		A 5-year-old D. odorifera plantation located in Xiashi Arboretum (22° 60′ N, 106° 53′ E), Pingxiang City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR) was selected for this study. Three chemicals used were: 0.1 mol /L hydrogen peroxide (H₂O2), 1.0 mol/L (pH=2.4) acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and 1.0 mol/L sodium chloride (NaCl). Distilled water was injected as a control. Sixty trees of similar size, all without heartwood were selected for a single-tree plot experiment with 15 replicates for each treatment. A tiny drill was used to detect which trees have or don't have heartwood. In May 2017, an injection hole of 1 cm diameter and 5 cm deep was drilled at a downward angle of 45 &#8451 at 1.3 m from the ground on each tree. An amount of 50 ml solution was injected into each tree over 8 h period with a 5 ml syringe, and the hole was sealed with a cork after injection. Five trees per treatment were harvested at one, three and six months after injection treatment. At the same time, three trees with heartwood were selected to collect natural heartwood. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Hydrogen peroxide-induced Jiang Xiang was closest to natural heartwood, and the essential oil components met the standards for high-quality Jiang Xiang, while the induction effects of acetic acid and sodium chloride were unsatisfactory. Thus, this study indicates that hydrogen peroxide has the potential to induce Jiang Xiang production in Dalbergia odorifera. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Control (Three months after treatment)			heartwood	Pingxiang City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China		NP Content: 0.17 %
0.1 mol/L H₂O₂(Six months after treatment)			heartwood	Pingxiang City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China		NP Content: 0.07 %
Control (Six months after treatment)			heartwood	Pingxiang City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China		NP Content: 0.03 %
Natural heartwood			heartwood	Pingxiang City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China		NP Content: 0.03 %
Species Name: Elsholtzia ciliata
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[7]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Elsholtzfa cilkata (Thunb.) Hyland grows wild in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at 3000-3600 m. The herb was collected from two different locations in North Sikkim; one sample was collected from La Chung Valley and the second sample from Chung Thang region. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Two oils of E. ciliate were found to possess different compositions. One oil contained rosefuran (84.8%) as the major constituent, whereas the other oil was rich in dehydroelsholtzia ketone (65.2%). In contrast, the samples collected from Chung Than Valley appeared to be a chemotype rich in dehydroelsholtzia ketone (65.2%) and elsholtzia ketone (7.6%). Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Chung Thang region, Himalyas, North Sikkim, India			Leaves	Himalyas, North Sikkim, India		NP Content: 0.3 %
Species Name: Fragaria vesca
	Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison				[8]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Whole leaves and inflorescences of two wild strawberry cultivars ('Rugia' and 'Baron von Solemacher') harvested in 2008 during the agrotechnical experiment performed by Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, were used as a material for determinations. Samples were collected before noon at sunny and dry days at the beginning of wild strawberry's flowering stage. Material was dried up to 35 ℃ in shadow and air just after the harvest. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Depending on a cultivar, air-dry inflorescences from wild strawberry contain from 0.21% ('Baron von Solemacher' cv.) to 0.30% ('Rugia' cv.), whereas leaves contains from 0.46% ('Baron von Solemacher' cv.) to 0.62% ('Rugia' cv.) of essential oils. GC/MS analysis of essential oils achieved from studied materials revealed presence of 70 (including 59 identified) compounds in leaves of 'Rugia' cv. and 58 (including 50 identified) compounds in leaves of 'Baron von Solemacher' cv. Essential oils from inflorescences of 'Rugia' cv. contained 52 (including 47 identified), while 'Baron von Solemacher' cv. contained 54 (including 46 identified) compounds. The chromatographic analyses by GC-MS revealed that myrthenol, nonal, linalool and phthalide dibuthyl dominated in essential oils obtained from leaves, while myrthenol, citronelol, linalool and geraniol - from those of inflorescences. There were qualitative differences between oil components at both studied materials and differentiation between both cultivars, as well. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Inflorescence: Fragaria vesca cv. Baron von Solemacher			Inflorescence	Poland		NP Content: <0.05 %
Inflorescence: Fragaria vesca cv. Rugia			Inflorescence	Poland		NP Content: <0.05 %
Leaf: Fragaria vesca cv. Baron von Solemacher			Leaves	Poland		NP Content: <0.05 %
Leaf: Fragaria vesca cv. Rugia			Leaves	Poland		NP Content: 0.78 %
Species Name: Glechoma hederacea
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[9]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Samples of Glechoma hederacea were collected at full flowering in seven localities in Vilnius district (Lithuania) at 2005: A - Salininkai, B -Zolyno, C - Mistunai, D -Antakalnis, E - Nemencine, F - Seskine, G -Zujunai. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		More than half of the oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (56.5-67.9%). The most predominant compound was germacrene D (14.1-20.7%). The other main constituents were gamma-elemene (9.0-16.0%), beta-elemene (8.7-12.9%), phytols (2.8-15.6%), (Z)-beta-ocimene (2.2-8.5%), 1,8-cineole (92.2-5.4%), beta-ylangene (2.7-4.1%) and germacrene B (2.2-3.9%). Forty-three identified compounds made up 89.1-96.2%. Four oils (A, D-G) might be attributed to germacrene / elemene chemotype and three samples (A-C) containing marked amounts of phytols beside above compounds were of germacrene/elemene/phytols chemotype. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Salininkai, Lithuania			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 1.8 %
Locality: Zolyno, Lithuania			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 1 %
Locality: Mistunai, Lithuania			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 1.7 %
Locality: Antakalnis, Lithuania			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 2 %
Locality: Nemencine, Lithuania			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 1.9 %
Locality: Seskine, Lithuania			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 1.3 %
Locality: Zujunai, Lithuania			Aerial parts	Lithuania		NP Content: 2.3 %
Species Name: Heteropappus altaicus
	Factor Name: Altitude Variation				[10]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Aerial parts of H. altaicus Willd. (Novopokr.) plants were randomly collected from the wild at four different altitudes, as described below, during the 1999-2001 vegetation periods. All the collections of the plant samples were carried out during massive bud formation and the beginning of flowering. Sample # 1 (3.4 kg) was collected on July 14, 1999 from LAT: 53° 05′ LON: 85° 00′, 330 m, Altai Region, Troiszkii Raion, around the village of Taldinka, 4-5 km below the Bolshoi Rechke, facing southwestern Sopki, Tipchakovo-Heteropalusovo-Pavilnaya steppe. Sample # 2 (10.5 kg) was collected on July 28, 1999 from LAT: 51°, LON: 86° 40′, 600 m, Altai Republic, Ongudaiskii Raion, at the right side of the delta of Lake Ursup, surrounding Stepushka village, along the roadside. Sample # 3 (8.5 kg) was collected on July 30, 2000 from LAT: 51° 39′ LON:79° 59′, 120 m of Altaiskii Krai, Litovskii Raion, 2 km southwest of the Ustianka village, along the roadside. Sample # 4 (6.5 kg) was collected on August 2, 2001 at LAT 50° 11′ LON 87° 53′, 1550 m of Altai Republic, Kosh-Agachiskii Raion, 24 km away from Kurai village, towards North-Tchuiskoe mountain chain following the right side of lake Tete where there is a mixture of heavy weeds. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		The oil obtained from 330 m had alpha-pinene (18.6%), myrcene (18.6%), beta-phellandrene (17.2%), (E)-beta-ocimene (12.9%) and germacrene D (11.9%), while samples from 600 m consisted of myrcene (26.4%), alpha-pinene (23.2%), beta-phellandrene (18.0%), (E)-beta-ocimene (9.9%), germacrene D (4.3%) and sabinene (4.2%). The oil from 120 m had -pinene (22.0%), beta-phellandrene (21.6%), myrcene (19.5%), trans-beta-ocimene (11.3%), germacrene D (7.2%) and limonene (4.5%) as major components. At 1550 m the major components were germacrene D (22.0%), myrcene (18.0%), beta-phellandrene (14.0%), alpha-pinene (11.3%) and (E)-beta-ocimene (9.2%). Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Kosh-Agachiskii Raion, Altai Republic, Russia; Altitude 1550 m			Flowers	Altai, Russia		NP Content: 0.2 %
Species Name: Hyptis pectinata
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[11]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		H. pectinutu is an odoriferous plant and occurs as a natural weed on the Fiji Islands and in West Africa as a winter hardy bush. In India, it grows as an erect perrennial shrub in Assam, Bengal and Madras regions. Tlie leaves are ovate and the leaf margins range from crenate to serrate. The flowers are pale purple to yellow in cymose clusters, arranged unilaterally. The nutlets are small, oblong and black. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		The major compounds present in the Indian oil were sabinene (27.8%), beta-pinene (6.7%), limonene (4.03%), alpha-terpinolene (6.0%), caryopliyllcne (17.2%), alpha-bergamotene (4.1%) and a C20H32-diterpene (5.8%). Other major hydrocarbons present were gamma-terpinene (1.4%), alpha-humulene (1.1%), beta-selinene (1.0%) and gamma-elemene (2.7%). The oil is rather poor in oxygenated terpenoids, the only major oxygen compounds detected were terpinen-4-ol(3.1%), spathulenol(1.1%), an unidentified sesquiterpene alcohol (1.4%) and trans-alpha-bergamotot (2.5%). The total oxygenated compounds constituted about 11% of the oil. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: India			Whole plant	Kumaon, India		NP Content: 0.1 %
*Species Name: Ocimum basilicum* L**
	Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison				[12]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		The 36 'Genovese' and 24 'Foglia di Lattuga' samples preliminarily analysed were grown in Tavazzano (MI), and harvested at flowering, from 5th to 10th August 1998. The breeding program started in 1999, by crossing several selected lines of 'Genovese' with 'Foglia di Lattuga' and 'Compatto'. Selected F1 plants were selfpollinated in 2000. Plants of the F2 (2001), F3 (2002) and F4 (2003) generations were selected on the basis of agronomic and morphologic traits, and self-pollinated. Only the seeds from self pollinated plants with satisfactory essential oil content and composition were used to obtain the next generation. In 2004, some F4 plants were replanted in order to evaluate their stability in relation to environmental variations. All leaf harvests were carried out at flowering. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Genovese' showed higher essential oil and linalool content, with almost total absence of methyl chavicol, very abundant in 'Foglia di Lattuga'. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Ocimum basilicumcv. Foglia Lattuga			Leaves	Italy		NP Content: 0.1 %
Ocimum basilicumcv. Genovese			Leaves	Italy		NP Content: 0.2 %
Species Name: Persea americana
	Factor Name: Variety Comparison; Locality Variation				[13]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Experimental: Two hundred grams of healthy mature intact leaves were harvested from each of the taxa growing on their own rootstocks at the UC South Coast Research and Extension Center. flocc = P. americana var. floccosa from Mexico D-7; stey = P. americana var. steyermarkii from Mexico El Salvador 3-22-16; nubi = P. americana var. nubigena from Guatemala 45-C-1; mex = P. americena var. drymfolia from Tasco, Mexico; guat = P. americana var. guatemalensis cult. Nimlioh from Florida; bwl = P. ameticana var. americana cult. Trapp from Florida. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Analysis of oils showed the presence of over 90 components, of which 76 were identified. P. schiedeana oil was found to contain alpha-pinene (23.7%), beta-pinene (23.2%) and beta-caryophyllene as major components. The major constituents of P. americana var. floccosa and P. americana var. steyermarkii were alpha-pinene (10.9%, 7.6%), beta-pinene (20.6%, 10.4%), alpha-terpineol (9.6%, 7.9%), beta-caryophyllene (12.6%, 8.4%), viridiflorene (0.1%, 10.3%) and globulol (0.1%, 9.2%), respectively. The oils of P. americana var. nubigena and P. americana var. drymifolia contained alpha-terpineol (18.4%, 393%) and methylchavicol (12.4%, 40.2%), as major components, respectively. P. americana var. guatemalensis was found to be rich in beta-caryophyllene (38.3%), while the oils of P. americana var. americana and P. primatogena contained alpha-pinene (27.5%) and beta-pinene (40.9%), and alpha-pinene (24.6%), beta-caryophyllene (20.7%) and germacene D (10.1%). Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Persea americana var. americana cv. Trapp (Locality: Florida)			Leaves	Florida, USA		NP Content: 0.1 %
Persea americana var. drymfolia (Locality: Tasco)			Leaves	Tasco, Mexico		NP Content: 0.01 %
Persea americana var. floccosa (Locality: Mexico)			Leaves	Mexico		NP Content: 0.3 %
Persea americana var. guatemalensis cv. Nimlioh (Locality: Florida)			Leaves	Florida, USA		NP Content: 0.6 %
Persea americana var. nubigena (Locality: Guatemala)			Leaves	Guatemala		NP Content: 0.01 %
Persea americana var. steyermarkii (Locality: Mexico El Salvador)			Leaves	Mexico El Salvador		NP Content: 0.2 %
Species Name: Rosa damascena
	Factor Name: Variety Comparison				[14]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Experimental site: The present study was conducted at the experimental farm of the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (1325 m amsl, 32° 06′ 05″ N, 76° 34′10″ E), India, in 2011. Minimum temperature ranges from 3.5 ℃ to 19.8 ℃, maximum temperature ranges from 15.2 ℃ to 31.4 ℃, relative humidity varies between 62.2% and 94.1% in the morning and 45.0% and 87.2% in the evening, and bright sunshine hour ranges from 2.9 to 8.9 hours. Plant material: A population of approximately 50,000 plants raised from mixed stem cuttings collected from perennial rose plantations at the University of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, and maintained in the field of the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India, were utilized as an original gene pool of R. damascena. Two varieties, Jwala and Himroz were diversified through selections of desirable traits (morphological/oil content) across 25,000 plants. The five elites, three of R. damascena var. Jwala, (Indica, Super jwala and Jwala) and two of R. damascena var. Himroz (Hot himroz and Himroz) were developed through field selections and maintained at the Natural Plant Products Division Experimental Farm of the Institute. Rosa bourboniana plants were collected from the Fragrance and Flavour Development Centre, Kannauj, UP, India, during 1992 and maintained at the Natural Plant Products Division Experimental Farm of the Institute. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		The essential oil content of the varieties of R. damascena varied from 0.037% to 0.051% and that of R. bourboniana was 0.017%. Super jwala recorded the highest oil content (0.051%). A total of 32 components were identified in the different varieties of rose oil. These components constituted 78.1-93.5% of the total rose oil species. The main components of rose oil were citronellol + nerol (16.3-30.1%), geraniol (15.8-29.3%), linalool (0.7-1.9%), rose oxide (0.9-2.6%), phenyl ethyl alcohol (0.1-0.4%), eugenol (0.3-2.2%), nonadecane (7.3-14.7%). The content of citronellol + nerol (30.1%) and geraniol (29.3%) was the highest in Himroz compared with other varieties. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Rosa damascena var. Himroz			Flowers	India		NP Content: 0.5 %
Rosa damascena var. Hot Himroz			Flowers	India		NP Content: 0.5 %
Rosa damascena var. Indica			Flowers	India		NP Content: 0.7 %
Rosa damascena var. Jwala			Flowers	India		NP Content: 0.5 %
Rosa damascena var. Super Jwala			Flowers	India		NP Content: 0.7 %
Species Name: Ruta graveolens
	Factor Name: Month Variation				[15]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		The leaves of R. graveolens were always collected in the morning at Brazil, between October 2009 and September 2010, between 08:00 and 10:00 hours. After collection, the material was put in plastic bags in a refrigerator at 15 ℃, until the oil extraction. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		In all months, except August and September 2010, 2-undecanone was the major component, with contents ranging from 37.0 % (February 2010) to 58.2 % (June 2010), statistically similar to May 2010 (56.5 %) according with the Tukey's test ( p<0.05). Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Harvesting time: April			Leaves	Brazil		NP Content: 0.3 %
Harvesting time: December			Leaves	Brazil		NP Content: 0.8 %
Species Name: Salvia aucheri
	Factor Name: Variety Comparison				[16]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		S. aucheri var. aucheri was collected in Karaman: Ermenek to Mutt Road on July 19,1995; Salvia aucheri var. canescens was collected in Karaman: Ermenek, Tekecati Valley on July 19,1995. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Eighty components were characterized in the Salvia aucheri var. aucheri oil, with camphor (21.1%), 1, 8-cineole (20.3%), borneol (7.8%), spathulenol (6.3%) and camphene (5.3%) as major constituents. 1, 8-Cineole (25.2%), camphor (17.9%), borneol (10.6%), alpha-pinene (5.4%) and camphene (5.3%) were identified as major constituents among the 88 components characterized in the oil of Salvia aucheri var. canescens. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Salvia aucheri var. aucheri			Aerial parts	Karaman, Turkey		NP Content: <0.01 %
Salvia aucheri var. canescens			Aerial parts	Karaman, Turkey		NP Content: 0.1 %
Species Name: Salvia sclarea
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[17]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		200 g of fresh flowering spikes were collected randomly at full bloom stage (browning of lower floret stage) from the 2006-2007 crops of clary sage cultivar CIM-Chandni cultivated at CIMAP Lucknow and resource center Purara, Uttarakhand. The oil of Kashmir origin was collected from the Chemistry division of IIIM Jammu. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		Linalool (23.6%), alpha-terpineol (3.8%), linalyl acetate (51.2%), beta-caryophyllene (3.2%), germacrene D (1.3%) and sclareol (1.3%) were recorded in the oil S. sclarea cultivated in Lucknow UP while the Kashmir oil sample possessed the highest percentage of linalyl acetate (60.8%) and lowest linalool (14.5%) along with alpha-terpineol (1.8%), geranyl acetate (2.2%), beta-caryophyllene (1.9%), germacrene D (2.6%) and sclareol (1.3%) as the other minor constituents. In contrast, the oil of S. sclarea from Purara in Uttarakhand showed highest percentage of linalool (29.8%), alpha-terpineol (5.3%) and sclareol (2.3%) and the lowest linalyl acetate (45.7%) among all the three samples. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Lucknow UP, India			Spikes	India		NP Content: <0.1 %
Locality: Jammu and Kashmir, India			Spikes	India		NP Content: 0.6 %
Species Name: Solidago virgaurea
	Factor Name: Altitude Variation				[18]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Aerial parts of Solidago virgaurea plants were randomly collected from the wild at two different altitudes, as described below, during the 2000 vegetation period. All the collections of the plant samples were carried out during massive bud formation and the beginning of flowering stage. Sample # 1, LTS00-46; 10 kg of the sample was collected on July 31, 2000 at LAT: 51° 07′ LON: 81° 10′ HEI 290 m from Altai land, Lokteev district, near the village of NovoMikhaylovskoe, on the left bank of the Aley River, outskirts of pine forest, fire area, sandy soils. Sample # 2, LTS00-57; 5.6 kg of the sample was collected on August 3, 2000 at LAT 51° 14′ LON 82° 28′ HEI 650 m from Altai land, Kur'in district, around the Kolyvanm quarries, with diverse turf grasses, along the river bank of Aley. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		The main components from 290 m were alpha-pinene (36.5%), myrcene (14.8%), beta-caryophyllene (10.5%), germacrene D (8.2%), beta-pinene (7.1%) and limonene+beta-phellandrene (6.4%). The oil from the sample collected at 650 m had benzyl benzoate (57.0%), beta-caryophyllene (6.3%), germacrene D (6.0%), alpha-pinene (4.4%) and alpha-humulene (4.0%) as major components, suggesting polymorphism or the existence of different chemoytpes. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Lokteev district, Russia; Altitude 290 m			Flowers	Russia		NP Content: 1 %
Locality: Kur'in district, Russia; Altitude 650 m			Flowers	Russia		NP Content: 2.7 %
Species Name: Teucrium chamaedrys
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[19]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		The aerial parts of T. chamaedrys were collected at the flowering stage in June 2004 near Corti, Corsica, France and near Oristano, Sardinia, Italy Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		The Corsican and Sardinian oils of T. chamaedrys investigated in this study were qualitatively similar but they differed by the amount of their major components. The major components were beta-caryophyllene (29.0% and 27.4%, respectively) and germacrene D (19.4% and 13.5%, respectively), followed by alpha-humulene (6.8%) and delta-cadinene (5.4%) in the Corsican oil and by caryophyllene oxide (12.3%) and alpha-humulene (6.5%) in the Sardinian oil. These quantitative differences are also noticeable on the amounts of the different class compounds. Especially, the monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for 10.3% and 4.1% in Sardinian and Corsican oils respectively and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes amounted for 18.9% and only 7.4% in both oils, respectively. Both oils were qualitatively rather similar in comparison with those reported in the literature from various geographic regions. However, among the 87 components identified in this study, 47 minor components (< 0.6%) reported were identified for the first time in T. chamaedrys oil. This study confirms the quantitative variability of the major components according to the plant origin. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Corti, Corsica, France			Aerial parts	France		NP Content: <0.05 %
Locality: Oristano, Sardinia, Italy			Aerial parts	Italy		NP Content: 0.2 %
Species Name: Thymus pseudopulegioides
	Factor Name: Locality Variation				[20]
Species Info Factor Info
Experiment Detail		Plant materials were collected from the following localities in north western Turkey. A = Trabzon: Caykara, Soganli dag on July 28, 1994; B = Bayburt: Caykara, Mohakambo yaylasi on July 25, 1994; C = Trabzon: Koprubasi, Vizara yaylasi on July 20, 1994. Click to Show/Hide
Factor Function		One hundred and four compounds were identified representing 97.5-99.5% of the total components detected in thymol/carvacrol (50.14/10.67%), thymol/linalool (23.14/20.24%) and linalool/alpha-terpinyl acetate/geraniol (21.55/16.70/11.17%) rich oils. Click to Show/Hide
Factor			Part	Location		NP Content
Locality: Soganli dag, Caykara, Trabzon, Eskisehir, Turkey			Aerial parts	Eskisehir, Turkey		NP Content: 0.1 %

References
1	Artemisia arborescens L.: essential oil composition and effects of plant growth stage in some genotypes from Sicily
2	Variability of Artemisia campestris L. essential oils from Lithuania
3	Seasonal Analyses of the Essential Oil of Artemisia ferganensis
4	Chemical Variation in the Oil of Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte of French Origin Harvested at a Vegetative Stage and During Flowering
5	Volatile Constituents of the Peel Oils of Several Sweet Oranges in China
6	Changes in Non-Structural Carbohydrates, Wood Properties and Essential Oil During Chemically-Induced Heartwood Formation in Dalbergia odorifera
7	Chemosystematics of the Himalayan Elsholtzia
8	Contents and chemical composition of essential oils from wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.)
9	The Essential Oil of Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea L) Growing Wild In Eastern Lithuania
10	Chemical Screening of Volatile Oil-bearing Flora of Siberia IX. Variations in Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Heteropappus altaicus Willd. (Novopokr.) Growing Wild at Different Altitudes of Altai Region, Russia
11	Volatile Constituents of Hyptis pectinata Poit. (Lamiaceae)
12	Biodiversity and selection of European basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) types
13	Essential Oils of Persea subgenus Persea (Lauraceae)
14	Evaluation of several Rosa damascena varieties and Rosa bourboniana accession for essential oil content and composition in western Himalayas
15	Seasonal variation, larvicidal and nematicidal activities of the lef essential oil of Ruta graveolens L.
16	Composition of Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Salvia aucheri Benth. Growing in Turkey
17	Terpenoid Compositions and Enantio-differentiation of Linalool and Sclareol in Salvia sclarea L. from Three Different Climatic Regions in India
18	Volatile Oil-Bearing Flora of Siberia VIII: Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Wild Solidago virgaurea L. from the Russian Altai
19	Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Teucrium chamaedrys L. from Corsica and Sardinia
20	Composition of the Essential Oil of Thymus pseudopulegioides Klokov et Des.-Shost from Turkey

Details of Natural Product (NP)

Cite NPcVar

About NPcVar

Correspondence