| The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Species Name: Artemisia annua | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison | [1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Populations of A. annua cultivar 'Jeevanraksha' and accession Suraksha were grown in the experimental field plot of the Institute at New Delhi. The seeds were sown in January 2004, seedlings transplanted in late February 2004 and aerial parts (flowers, leaves and stems from the upper 0.5 m of crop canopy) sampled in late October 2004.
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| Factor Function |
Ninety-seven compounds comprising 91.3% of the total oil of 'Jeevanraksha' were identified. Forty-three monoterpenes (56.6%), 32 sesquiterpenes (31.1%), and 2 diterpenes (0.2%) comprised bulk of the oil (87.9%). The oil was devoid of artemisia ketone and contained camphor (13.5%), 1,8-cineole (9.4%), trans-sabinol (7.1%), p-mentha-1(7), 5-dien-2-ol (6.3%), myrcene (4.7%), germacrene D (4.4%), (E)-beta-farnesene (3.9%), beta-caryophyllene (3.7%), dihydroartemisinic lactone (3.0%) and p-cymene (2.0%) as the major constituents. Eighty-six compounds representing 93.3% of the composition were identified in the Suraksha oil. This oil contained artemisia ketone (47%), 1,8-cineole (8.4%), camphor (5.9%) and alpha-pinene (5.2%) as the major components.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Artemisia annua accessions Suraksha
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Aerial parts | India |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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Artemisia annua cv. Jeevanraksha
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Aerial parts | India |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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| Species Name: Coriandrum sativum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Two samples (20 kg each) of mature coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits were used for this study. The first was purchased from a spice market of Korba in Tunisia (Tn), the second, from Canada (Can), was supplied by General Herboristerie Laboratory (Marseille, France).
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| Factor Function |
The first from Tunisia (Tn) and the second from Canada (Can). The highest essential oil yield was observed for Can with 0.44% (w/w) and 0.37% (w/w) for Tn. Forty-five compounds were identified in the essential oils and the main compound of both samples was linalool. The total phenol contents varied between two coriander fruit samples; Can sample presented high polyphenol contents (15.16 mg GAE/g) compared with Tn one (12.10 mg GAE/g). Significant differences were also found in total tannin contents among representing 0.7 mg GAE/g in Can and 0.34 mg GAE/g in Tn. The highest contents of total flavonoids were observed in Can sample with 13.2 mg CE/g.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Canada
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Fruits | Canada |
NP Content: < 0.1 %
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| Species Name: Crithmum maritimum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Month Variation | [3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The plant material (aerial parts) was collected at Corniglia (Liguria, Italy; 44° 07′ N, 09° 43′ E), on calcareous soil at 0-20 m above the sea level during year 1997 at various vegetative periods (May, June, July, September and December). obtaining six samples: (1) stems and leaves (May); (2) stems, leaves and flower buds (June); (3) stems, leaves and flowers (July); (4) stems, leaves, ripe fruits (September); (5) fruits only (September); (6) stems and leaves (December).
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| Factor Function |
The main constituent of the essential oil was always gamma-terpinene (41-68%); sabinene was present in high amount only during fruit ripening (30%), while dillapiole reached its maximum value in December (10%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Stems and leaves: (Harvesting time: May)
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Stems; Leaves | Italy |
NP Content: 13.5 %
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Stems, leaves and flower buds: (Harvesting time: June)
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Stems; Leaves; Flowering buds | Italy |
NP Content: 14.2 %
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Stems, leaves and flowers: (Harvesting time: July)
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Stems; Leaves; Flowers | Italy |
NP Content: 17.7 %
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Stems, leaves, ripe fruits: (Harvesting time: September)
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Stems; Leaves; Ripe fruits | Italy |
NP Content: 12 %
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Stems and leaves: (Harvesting time: December)
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Stems; Leaves | Italy |
NP Content: 16.2 %
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Fruits: (Harvesting time: September)
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Fruits | Italy |
NP Content: 14.3 %
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| Species Name: Cupressus sempervirens | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Month Variation | [4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The leaves of C. sempervirens were collected in the region of central Dalmatia (Croatia) within 12 months (1999).
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| Factor Function |
The oils produced in the autumn (September and October) were found to contain higher amounts of alpha-pinene (71.0% and 79.2%) than the oils produced from February to May (28.4-32.5%). The smallest amount of alpha-pinene (28.4%) was recorded in February, at the same time as the amount of cedrol, the quantitatively most important oxygenated compound, reached its maximum (12.9%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: January
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.5 %
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Harvesting time: February
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Harvesting time: March
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.4 %
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Harvesting time: April
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.4 %
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Harvesting time: May
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.5 %
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Harvesting time: June
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Harvesting time: July
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Harvesting time: September
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Harvesting time: December
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Leaves | Dalmatia, Croatia |
NP Content: 0.4 %
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| Species Name: Dittrichia graveolens | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Altitude Variation | [5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Wild growing D. graveolens samples were collected from Bekaa-877′ (4 samples) and Sannine-1842′ (3 samples) during the flowering period, between September and November of 2003.
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| Factor Function |
The major differences in oil composition between the two populations are the variation in the concentrations of T-cadinol and borneol. The differences can also be ascribed to the distinct climatic pattern of the two samples: Sannine is located in the Mount Lebanon chain of mountains and characterized by heavy precipitations and snow, while the Bekaa valley is shielded by this same chain of mountains, resulting in dry summers and cold winters with less humidity and precipitations.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Bekka, Lebanon; Altitude 877 m
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Leaves and flowers | Lebanon |
NP Content: 0.07 %
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Locality: Sannine, Lebanon; Altitude 1842 m
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Leaves and flowers | Lebanon |
NP Content: 0.03 %
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| Species Name: Ducrosia anethifolia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The aerial parts of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. were collected in the wild from Mehdi Abad (Kerman province, in southern Iran) at the flowering stage in June 2006. The material was dried at room temperature.
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| Factor Function |
The 63 components of this interesting plant were identified in the oil of D. anethifolia, representing 94.0% of the oil. alpha-Pinene (11.6%), terpinolene(3.2%) and (z)-beta-ocimene (2.8%) were the main hydrocarbon components present in the oil, while decanal (54.0%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate(3.2%) and decanoic acid (1.3%) were the major oxygen-containing constituents.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Larestan, Iran
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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Locality: Kerman, Iran
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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| Species Name: Echinacea purpurea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Plant Pathogen Infection | [7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Plant selection and virological tests: Before effecting the collection procedure, heathy and infected plants of E. purpurea grown in the open field at the Herb Garden of Casola Valsenio were selected and labelled by visual inspection of their aerial parts. The infection by CMV was associated with symptoms on both leaves and flowers. The most characteristic symptoms are yellow mosaic, ring and line-patterns on crinkled and deformed leaves that drop prematurely. The flowers, which may be smaller than normal, show color breaking with white or pale stripes on red petals. Shortening of the internodes is also very common, giving the plant a bushy appearance known as stunting. In Italian environmental conditions, these symptoms are best visible in the summer. On the other hand, plants appeared symptom-free were collected as healthy material. Plant collection: About 3-4 Kg fresh aerial part materials (70% stems, 10% leaves and 20% flowers) of healthy E. purpurea plants were collected in June 2000 at almost the end of flowering. An equivalent quantity of CMV-infected plants (evaluated by DAS-ELISA) was also collected; the percentage of leaves in the infected infected was about 6.0% as due to CMV presence that caused the premature leaf drop.
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| Factor Function |
The oil from healthy material was rich in germacrene D (57.8%) and was more abundant. The infected materials afforded a lower oil content and significant quantitative variations in the oil composition. In particular, the observed percentage of germacrene D (52.6%) was reduced as were other sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. These variations, tested to be significant for all the compound-class fractions and individual major components, were ascribed to the cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) infection, the only fixed-effect variable that might affect the oil composition.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Healthy plant
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Aerial parts | Italy |
NP Content: 0.4 %
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Infected plants (cucumber mosaic cucumovirus)
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Aerial parts | Italy |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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| Species Name: Elsholtzia ciliata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Elsholtzfa cilkata (Thunb.) Hyland grows wild in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at 3000-3600 m. The herb was collected from two different locations in North Sikkim; one sample was collected from La Chung Valley and the second sample from Chung Thang region.
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| Factor Function |
Two oils of E. ciliate were found to possess different compositions. One oil contained rosefuran (84.8%) as the major constituent, whereas the other oil was rich in dehydroelsholtzia ketone (65.2%). In contrast, the samples collected from Chung Than Valley appeared to be a chemotype rich in dehydroelsholtzia ketone (65.2%) and elsholtzia ketone (7.6%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Chung Thang region, Himalyas, North Sikkim, India
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Leaves | Himalyas, North Sikkim, India |
NP Content: 1.2 %
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| Species Name: Eucalyptus grandis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Seasonal Variation | [9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Eucalyptus urophylla and E. grandis were collected in January (summer) and August (winter) 2006 at the mature vegetative state from Goiania city Brazil, and identified by one of the authors (E.P.F.). Leaves from 5-11 randomized individual plants of the same age representing the local population were collected as homogenous samples in each season, dried at room temperature.
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| Factor Function |
The results were submitted to Principal Components and Clusters Analysis which enabled four groups of oils to be distinguished with regard to specimens and harvest seasons: clusters I and II with only E. grandis samples collected in the cold and dry winter and the hot and humid summer, which were characterized by a high percentage of isoleptospermone (9.6% and 13.2%), alpha-pinene (12.2% and 24.7%), p-cymene (20.5% and 14.5%), and alpha-terpineol (14.3% and 4.9%), respectively; clusters III and IV only associated with E. urophylla samples collected in summer and winter with 1,8-cineole (36.6% and 44.7%) and alpha-terpinyl acetate (7.0% and 11.7%) rich oils.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: Summer
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Whole plant | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Harvesting time: Winter
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Whole plant | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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| Species Name: Ferulago angulata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Fresh F.angulata were leaves gathered and air dried in May, 2004 and the seeds collected in October, 2004 from both habitats (Shahoo and Nevakoh Mountains), Kermanshah Province western Iran.
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| Factor Function |
The oil yield from seed was 5-fold that from leaves (3.2%/100g compared to 0.63%/100g). Cis-ocimene was the major constituent of the seed oil from both regions (64.8% and 76.11%) and a prominent constituent (>20% of the total oil) of the leaf oils of both habitats. alpha-Pinene was the next main component (7-27%) of all 4 oils. Seed oils, with one major component (cis-ocimene), differed from the leaf oils, which were composed mostly of 3 components (alpha-pinene, cis-ocimene, & germacrene D). Distinctions between the oils of the two habitats were less marked than the leaf-oil/seed-oil differences; the cis-ocimene content was higher and alpha-pinene was less in both seedand leaf-oils of the Shahoo habitats than the Nevakoh ecotype; trans-verbenol was absent from the Shahoo leaves, but reached a content of 5.8% in Nevahoh leaf-oil. Further distinctions were found in the content/presence/absence of 20-30 minor components of the oils.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Seed: (Locality: Nevakoh Mountains, Kermanshah Province, western Iran)
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Seeds | Iran |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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| Species Name: Fragaria vesca | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison | [11] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Whole leaves and inflorescences of two wild strawberry cultivars ('Rugia' and 'Baron von Solemacher') harvested in 2008 during the agrotechnical experiment performed by Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, were used as a material for determinations. Samples were collected before noon at sunny and dry days at the beginning of wild strawberry's flowering stage. Material was dried up to 35 ℃ in shadow and air just after the harvest.
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| Factor Function |
Depending on a cultivar, air-dry inflorescences from wild strawberry contain from 0.21% ('Baron von Solemacher' cv.) to 0.30% ('Rugia' cv.), whereas leaves contains from 0.46% ('Baron von Solemacher' cv.) to 0.62% ('Rugia' cv.) of essential oils. GC/MS analysis of essential oils achieved from studied materials revealed presence of 70 (including 59 identified) compounds in leaves of 'Rugia' cv. and 58 (including 50 identified) compounds in leaves of 'Baron von Solemacher' cv. Essential oils from inflorescences of 'Rugia' cv. contained 52 (including 47 identified), while 'Baron von Solemacher' cv. contained 54 (including 46 identified) compounds. The chromatographic analyses by GC-MS revealed that myrthenol, nonal, linalool and phthalide dibuthyl dominated in essential oils obtained from leaves, while myrthenol, citronelol, linalool and geraniol - from those of inflorescences. There were qualitative differences between oil components at both studied materials and differentiation between both cultivars, as well.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Inflorescence: Fragaria vesca cv. Baron von Solemacher
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Inflorescence | Poland |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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Leaf: Fragaria vesca cv. Baron von Solemacher
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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Leaf: Fragaria vesca cv. Rugia
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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| Species Name: Ichthyothere terminalis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The leaves and stems of Ichthyothere terminalis were collected at Marapanim, PA (sample A) and Manaus, AM (sample B).
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| Factor Function |
The chief constituent found in the leaf oil of sample of, I. terminalis collected at Marapanim (PA) was sabinene (18.0%). The leaf oil of I. terminalis collected at Manaus (AM) was dominated by alpha-pinene (19-8%), sabinene (14.8%) and limonene (35.8%), while the main components identified in the stem oil were alpha-pinene (13.9%) and limonene (20.0%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Leaves: Marapanim, Brazil
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 1.6 %
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| Species Name: Mentha longifolia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [13] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Plants were collected in the Inner plain, the Sharon plain and the kava valley.
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| Factor Function |
The major constituent of all three oils was found to be 1,8-cineole (26.4-34.5%) followed by menthone (10.0-16.7%), pulegone (7.0-7.5%), and isomenthone (4.7-7.8%). Despite some differences in the component proportions, the plants of all three populations clearly belong to the same chemotype.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Sharon plain, Israel
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Aerial parts | Israel |
NP Content: 0.7 %
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Locality: Arava valley, Israel
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Aerial parts | Israel |
NP Content: 1.3 %
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Locality: Inner plain, Israel
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Aerial parts | Israel |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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| Species Name: Mentha spicata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Altitude Variation | [14] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The aerial parts of flowering Mentha spicata plants (cut at ground level) and individual M. spicata plants were collected in the summer (July, 2003) from three wild populations located in the Municipality of Laganas, Zakynthos, W. Greece. Location 1 (N 37° 39′ 39″, E 20° 48′ 44″; map datum WGS 84; altitude 160 m; 14/07/03) was near the village of Keri, Location 2 (N 37° 41′ 29″, E 20° 50′ 25″; altitude 3 m; 14/07/03) was close to Keri Beach (Limni Keriou) and Location 3 (N 37° 43′ 34″, E 20° 50′ 41″; altitude 35 m; 14/07/03) was near the village of Pandocratoras. The three locations are within the mainland limits of the protected area of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NATURA 2000 Network, site GR 2210002; 8).
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| Factor Function |
The main oil constituents were trans-piperitone oxide, piperitenone oxide and 1,8-cineole. On a whole plant basis (aerial parts) the trans-piperitone oxide content ranged from 1.4 % location (Loc 1) to 32.5% (Loc 3) and appeared to have an inverse relationship with the 1,8-cineole content which ranged from 10.8 % (Loc 3) to 37.9 % (Loc 1). 1,8-cineole was the major oil constituent (37.9 %) of M. spicata plants from Loc 1. The major constituent of the inflorescence oils was piperitenone oxide which ranged from 32.4 % (Loc 3) to 46.3 % of the oil (Loc 1). The major constituent of the leaf oils was 1,8-cineole (40.5 %) in plants from Loc 1 and trans-piperitone oxide in plants from Loc 2 (19.8 %) and Loc 3 (33.5 %). This is the first report for wild populations in Greece of a M. spicata oil in which 1,8-cineole is the major constituent. The observed variation in essential oil composition between locations and plant organs in July would not appear to be directly related to the climatic conditions.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Inflorescence: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
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Inflorescence | Zakynthos, Greece |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Inflorescence: (Locality: near the village of Pandocratoras, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 35 m)
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Inflorescence | Zakynthos, Greece |
NP Content: 0.4 %
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Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Keri, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 160 m)
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Leaves | Zakynthos, Greece |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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Leaf: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
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Leaves | Zakynthos, Greece |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Leaf: (Locality: near the village of Pandocratoras, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 35 m)
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Leaves | Zakynthos, Greece |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Stem: (Locality: close to Keri Beach, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 3 m)
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Stems | Zakynthos, Greece |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Stem: (Locality: near the village of Pandocratoras, Zakynthos, Greece; Altitude 35 m)
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Stems | Zakynthos, Greece |
NP Content: 0.3 %
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| Species Name: Origanum vulgare | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Drought Stress Treatment; NaCl Treatment | [15] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
A pot trail study was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 under the natural conditions of the greenhouse of the National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. The soil texture was sandy loam, having a physical composition as follows: 45.70% sand, 28.40% silt, 25.90% clay and 0.85% organic matter. The results of soil chemical analysis were as follows: pH= 8.05; E.C (dsm-1) = 0.81; and total nitrogen =0.09 %; available phosphorus =2.26′g/100gram; potassium= 18.85 mg/100gram; Field capacity, permanent wilting point, available soil moisture (A.S.M) and bulk density (B.D.), as means over the two seasons were 34.0 %, 16.0 % 18.0 % and 1.36 g/cm3, respectively. Seeds of oregano were obtained from Jellitto Standensamen Gmbh, Schwarmstedt, Germany. The seeds were sown in the nursery on 15th November during both seasons. The seedlings were transplanted into pots (30 cm diameter, 50 cm depth) on the 15th February of each season. Each pot contained three seedlings and was placed in full sun light. Each pot was filled with 10 kg of air dried soil. Two levels of potassium humate (0.0 and 1.5 g/pot) was applied to the soil with water irrigation application at three equal portions before each cut in both seasons. Then after one month from transplanting, irrigation treatments were applied to the oregano plants (90, 60 and 30% available soil moisture) equal to 32.20., 26.80 and 21.40 soil moisture. The pots were separated into two sets, the first set irrigated with tap water (0.40 dsm-1), and the second set irrigated with Nacl solution (4 dsm-1). Pots were weighted daily and when soil moisture percentage reached the aforementioned points, pots were irrigated to reach field capacity (34.0% soil moisture). The differences between the needed soil moisture for the previous treatments and field capacity were calculated and added to the pots in the different treatments. The experimental layout was factorial experiment in complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Each replicate contained ten pots, while the pot contained three plants. Herbal fresh weight (g/plant ) of each replicate was determined in the first, second and third cuts at 31 May, 31 July and 30 September, respectively before flowering stage in both seasons.
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| Factor Function |
Herb fresh weight g/plant and the content and yield ml/plant of essential oil were decreased significantly by using saline water irrigation compared to fresh water irrigation. Herb fresh weight g /plant and essential oil yield ml/plant of Origanum vulgare L were significantly decreased with the rise in water stress levels. Whereas, there was significant increase in essential oil % by using lower level of available soil moisture (30% ASM) followed by 90% ASM and then 60% ASM contained the highest values of essential oil %. Fresh herb and essential oil production increased significantly with K-humate application. The maximum of herb fresh and essential oil yields were obtained from plants irrigated with 90% available soil moisture fresh water combined with k-humate fertilizer 1.5 g/pot. Essential oil % recorded their maximum value from plants irrigated with 60% ASM fresh water combined with 1.5 g/pot K-humate. Totally, 20 compounds were identified in essential oils of three populations by means of GLC. Carvacrol was the dominant compound (46.44-77.96%) for all essential oil samples, followed by p-cymene (5.31-19.30%) and gamma-terpinene (3.38-16.42%). The composition of essential oil of oregano was affected by soil moisture regimes using fresh and saline water irrigation and potassium humate fertilization.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Fresh water (30% available soil moisture)
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Whole plant | Egypt |
NP Content: 1.87 %
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Fresh water (60% available soil moisture)
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Whole plant | Egypt |
NP Content: 1.55 %
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Fresh water (90% available soil moisture)
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Whole plant | Egypt |
NP Content: 0.98 %
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Saline water (60% available soil moisture)
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Whole plant | Egypt |
NP Content: 2.76 %
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Saline water (90% available soil moisture)
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Whole plant | Egypt |
NP Content: 0.96 %
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| Species Name: Portenschlagiella ramosissima | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation | [16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Plant material was collected in October 2003. in Herceg Novi, Montenegro. The air-dried roots (54 g), seeds (73.5 g) and aerial parts during vegetative phase (V, 150 g) and aerial parts during flowering period (F, 110 g) of P. ramosissima were submitted for 3 h to water-distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus.
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| Factor Function |
In all the oils samples the main component was myristicin. In the root oil myristicin was present with 68.5%, in oil from aerial parts during vegetative phase, myristicin was present with 88.9%, while in oil from aerial parts during flowering period this component was present with 91.5%, in the seed oil myristicin was found with 61.1%. It can be seen that myristicin was the most abundant component in all oil samples that we investigated with very high percentage. But, it can also be seen that the season of plant collection influenced the oil characteristics. The highest content of myristicin was present in the oil sample isolated from plants collected during the flowering period (91.5%), than in oil isolated during the vegetative phase.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aerial parts: vegetative stage
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Aerial parts | Montenegro |
NP Content: 0.3 %
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Aerial parts: flowering stage
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Aerial parts | Montenegro |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Root: vegetative stage
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Roots | Montenegro |
NP Content: 0.3 %
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Seed: vegetative stage
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Seeds | Montenegro |
NP Content: 0.5 %
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| Species Name: Pulicaria dysenterica | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [17] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Aerial parts of P. dysenterica were collected during the flowering stage from two different locations in Greece in August 2002. Sample A: Katara (Perfecture Trikala). Sample B: Arahova (Perfecture Viotia).
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| Factor Function |
Fifty-four components were identified representing 80.5% (sample A) and 72.6% (sample B) of the total oils. The main components in sample A were (Z)-nerolidol (11.2%), caryophyllene oxide (9.1%) and (E)-nerolidol (6.6%), while those of sample B were beta-caryophyllene (12.8%), caryophyllene oxide (12.8%) and (E)-nerolidol (6.9%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Katara, Perfecture Trikala, Greece
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Aerial parts | Greece |
NP Content: <0.1 %
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Locality: Arahova, Perfecture Viotia, Greece
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Aerial parts | Greece |
NP Content: <0.1 %
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| Species Name: Rosmarinus eriocalyx | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [18] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The leaves of R. eriocalyx were harvested at random from two localities of the forest in the North and South ranges of Boutaleb in Algeria at different altitudes during the full flowering stage. Sample N3(Locality: Northern slope; Altitude (m): 850; Collection date: Mar 20,1993); Sample S3(Locality: Southern slope; Altitude (m): 850; Collection date: Mar 20,1993).
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| Factor Function |
Concerning the alcohols, the highest amount of 1,8-cineole (11.4%) coincided with a very low amount of terpinen-4-ol(1.0%) in sample N3 as well as with a generally low concentration of hydrocarbons (apart from camphene and pinene) in all samples of R. eriocalyx.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Northern slope, Boutaleb range, Algeria; Altitude 850 m + Harvesting time: 20-Mar-1993
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Leaves | Algeria |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Locality: Southern slope, Boutaleb range, Algeria; Altitude 850 m + Harvesting time: 20-Mar-1993
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Leaves | Algeria |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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| Species Name: Ruta chalepensis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation | [19] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Ruta chalepensis seedlings were sown in the field in January 1999. Leaf materials were collected at vegetative stage (25th August 1999, plant height 60 cm, temp. min. 26.4 ℃, max. 35.6 ℃) and at budding stage (25th February 1999, plant height 115 cm, temp. min. 9.6 ℃, ma. 26.2 ℃). At flowering stage (2Sth March 2000, plant height 118 cm, temp. min. 14.3 ℃, max. 29.7 ℃), both leaves and flowers were collected; at fruiting stage (25th April 2000, plant height 119 cm, temp. min. 21.5 ℃, max. 39.1 ℃), leaves and fruits were again collected for oil isolation and analysis.
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| Factor Function |
Analysis of the oils from R. chalepensis showed that the major constituents of oils were 2-undecanone, 2-nonanone, 2- nonyl-acetate and 2-dodecanone. 2-Undecanone was found to reach a maximum in the flower oil followed by fruit and leaf oils. The quantity of 2-undecanone was highest in the leaves when the plants were young and in the vegetative stage, and it gradually decreased when the plants started flowering and fruiting. 2-Nonanone, on the other hand, was at its maximum in the Leaf oil followed by flower and fruit oils. The quantity of 2-nonanone in the leaves gradually increased from the vegetative stage to the flowering stage and was highest during fruiting stage. The concentration of 2-nonyl acetate was observed to be highest in the leaves during the vegetative stage, while 2-dodecanone was at its maximum in the fruits. Lina-lool, an important aromatic compound, has been found to be highest in flowers. Gamma-Terpinene and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were observed only in vegetative stage of the plants. During the flowering and fruiting stages they could not be detected. Pregeijerene was observed during flowering only, while geijerene was observed both during flowering and fruiting; however, this compound was found in leaves.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Flower: Flowering stage
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Flowers | Lucknow, India |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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Fruit: Fruiting Stage
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Fruits | Lucknow, India |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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Leaf: Vegetative stage
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Leaves | Lucknow, India |
NP Content: 0.9 %
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Leaf: Flowering stage
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Leaves | Lucknow, India |
NP Content: 0.4 %
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| Species Name: Salvia aucheri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Variety Comparison | [20] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
S. aucheri var. aucheri was collected in Karaman: Ermenek to Mutt Road on July 19,1995; Salvia aucheri var. canescens was collected in Karaman: Ermenek, Tekecati Valley on July 19,1995.
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| Factor Function |
Eighty components were characterized in the Salvia aucheri var. aucheri oil, with camphor (21.1%), 1, 8-cineole (20.3%), borneol (7.8%), spathulenol (6.3%) and camphene (5.3%) as major constituents. 1, 8-Cineole (25.2%), camphor (17.9%), borneol (10.6%), alpha-pinene (5.4%) and camphene (5.3%) were identified as major constituents among the 88 components characterized in the oil of Salvia aucheri var. canescens.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Salvia aucheri var. aucheri
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Aerial parts | Karaman, Turkey |
NP Content: 0.2 %
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| Species Name: Salvia sclarea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Altitude Variation | [21] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Clones of T. daenensis populations were collected from 11 locations including seven locations in Fars and four locations in Kohkiluyeh provinces of Iran. The clones of T. daenensis populations were transplanted to the farm at IANRRC Research Station, located in NajafAbad (18 km west Isfahan, 32° 36′ N, 51° 26′ E and 1612 m asl) in March 2002 . Clones were grown in 5 × 2 m plots with 50 × 50 cm planting density. Fertilizers were applied prior to planting at a rate of 60 kg P/ha and 50 kg N/ha. After 3 years (2004), the aerial parts of plants were harvested at full flowering stage, dried at room temperature, and stored until analysis inside paper bags in a cool and dark place. Td1 (Fars Province, Eghlid, Asepas; Altitude: 2000); Td2 (Fars Province, Sourian, Bavanat; Altitude: 2500); Td3 (Fars Province, Abadeh, Keverlar; Altitude: 2280); Td4 (Fars Province, Abadeh -Shiraz Rd, Kolikosh; Altitude: 2400); Td5 (Fars Province, Shiraz -Yasouj Rd, Komehr; Altitude: 2415); Td6 (Fars Province, Yasouj -Shiraz Rd, Margoon; Altitude: 2170); Td7 (Fars Province, Shiraz -Isfahan Rd, Pasargad; Altitude: 2190); Td8 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Sisakht, Gol; Altitude: 2570); Td9 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Kakan; Altitude: 2200); Td10 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Yasouj -Sepidan Rd, Mahparviz; Altitude: 2660); Td11 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Sepidar, Pazanan; Altitude: 2600).
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| Factor Function |
Carvacrol, thymol and geraniol were found as the main constituents in the oils of the tested populations. Variation of the oils in populations was subjected to cluster analysis and three different chemotypes including carvacrol (47.3-80.1%), thymol (53.1-72.2%) and geraniol (65.6-75.7%) were identiified. Other important components were beta-caryophyllene (1.7-9%), p-cymene (0.1-10.9%) and gamma-terpinene (0.1-7.8%). Although Thymus is known as having high thymol content in its oil, it is revealed that T. daenensis subsp. daenensis has also a high potential for carvacrol and geraniol constituents in the oil. The largest similarity of the oil components of populations was detected between Td4 and Td7 and the lowest was revealed between Td8 and Td9. The differences in the oil content and composition of the populations could be attributed to their genetic variability and they could be a good genetic source for breeding purposes.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Asepas, Eghlid, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2000 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 72.2 %
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Locality: Bavanat, Sourian, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2500 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 1.9 %
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Locality: Keverlar, Abadeh, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2280 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 3.8 %
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Locality: Kolikosh, Abadeh -Shiraz Rd, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2400 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 12.5 %
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Locality: Komehr, Shiraz-Yasouj Rd, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2415 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 12.4 %
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Locality: Margoon, Yasouj-Shiraz Rd, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2170 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 7 %
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Locality: Pasargad, Shiraz-Isfahan Rd, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2190 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 13.1 %
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Locality: Gol, Sisakht, Kohkiluyeh Province, Iran; Altitude 2570 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 53.1 %
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Locality: Kakan, Kohkiluyeh Province, Iran; Altitude 2200 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 12.7 %
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Locality: Mahparviz, Yasouj -Sepidan Rd, Kohkiluyeh Province, Iran; Altitude 2660 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 53.9 %
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Locality: Pazanan, Sepidar, Kohkiluyeh Province, Iran; Altitude 2600 m
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 14.6 %
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| Species Name: Satureja cuneifolia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation | [22] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Satureja cuneifolia Ten. growing wild in Middle Anatolian provinces of Turkey were collected at various growth stages: a =from Konya, collected in June, before flowering; b = from Konya, collected in July, from flowering plants; c =from Konya, collected in August, full-bloom plants.
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| Factor Function |
In the oils of S. cuneifolia, 38 compounds were identified, with thymol (43.6-65.5%), carvacrol (4.7-31.2%), gamma-terpinene (trace-13.7%) and p-cymene (trace-11.5%) being dominant.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aerial part: Before Flowering stage
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Aerial parts | Middle Anatolia, Turkey |
NP Content: 58 %
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Aerial part: Full Blooming stage
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Aerial parts | Middle Anatolia, Turkey |
NP Content: 65.5 %
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Aerial part: Flowering stage
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Aerial parts | Middle Anatolia, Turkey |
NP Content: 43.6 %
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| Species Name: Satureja icarica | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [23] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The plant material was collected from different regions of Turkey. B = Canakkale: Gokceada, Ulukaya hill, August 1995; C = Canakkale: Gokceada, Doruktepe hill, August 1995; D = Canakkale: Gokceada, Kekliktepe hill, August 1995.
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| Factor Function |
Carvacrol (52-56%) was found as the major component of these oils.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Doruktepe hill, Gokceada, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Turkey |
NP Content: 8.4 %
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Locality: Ulukaya hill, Gokceada, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Turkey |
NP Content: 2.2 %
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Locality: Kekliktepe hill, Gokceada, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Turkey |
NP Content: 1.8 %
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| Species Name: Satureja parnassica ssp. parnassica | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Month Variation | [24] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The material was collected from plants cultivated at the Experimental Farm at the Institute of Biotechnology (Caxias do Sul - Rio Grande do Sul State) from November 1998 to July 1999.
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| Factor Function |
Thymol was found to be the most abundant constituent (31.5-52.4%), followed by p-cymene (17.1-34.4%). Thyme possessed a higher oil yield and the oil was richer in oxygenated compounds when harvested in the spring.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: January
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Harvesting time: January
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 43.1 %
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Harvesting time: February
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.8 %
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Harvesting time: February
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 40 %
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Harvesting time: March
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Harvesting time: March
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 35 %
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Harvesting time: April
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Harvesting time: April
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 40.2 %
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Harvesting time: May
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.8 %
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Harvesting time: May
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 43.8 %
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Harvesting time: June
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 0.9 %
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Harvesting time: June
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 32.9 %
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Harvesting time: July
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 1.4 %
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Harvesting time: July
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 31.5 %
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Harvesting time: November
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 1.4 %
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Harvesting time: November
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 52.4 %
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Harvesting time: December
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 1.5 %
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Harvesting time: December
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Leaves | Brazil |
NP Content: 41.1 %
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| Factor Name: Month Variation; Developmental Stage Variation | [25] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Fresh plant materials were obtained in 2004 and 2005. S. thymbra 1(vegetative stage: just before flowering, date: June 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 2(vegetative stage: full flowering, date: July 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 3(vegetative stage: after flowering, date: Aug 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 4(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Sept 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 5(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Nov 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 6(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Feb 7, 2005, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 7(vegetative stage: before flowering, date: May 7, 2005, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. parnassica 8(vegetative stage: before flowering, date: June 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 9(vegetative stage: just before flowering, date: July 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 10(vegetative stage: full flowering, date: Aug 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 11(vegetative stage: after flowering, date: Sept 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800).
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| Factor Function |
It is evident that the phytochemical content of the essential oils for both Satureja species varied greatly, depending on the period examined, and showed large prevalence of phenolic content. It must also be pointed out that regardless of the vegetative stage of the plant collected, the sum of the two isomeric phenol monoterpenes (carvacrol and thymol) and their biosynthetic monoterpene precursors p-cymene and gamma-terpinene represented always the bulk of each essential oil (~76%). More specificallysfor both species-during their premature vegetative stage, gamma-terpinene constitutes the major component of their essential oils. The approach of the flowering period results in the simultaneous gradual diminishment of monoterpene precursors and the prevalence of their phenolic metabolites. Thus, essential oils obtained from plants collected during the 'just before their flowering' stage contain thymol as their major component, which constitutes 27.88 and 38.51% of the total oil content for S. thymbra and S. parnassica, respectively. On the other hand, during their full flowering period carvacrol prevails as the major component, accounting for 39.10% for S. thymbra and for 34.61% for S. parnassica. The end of the flowering stage delineates a sharp decrease of carvacrol levels and the predominance of thymol as the major component of the essential oils. A few months later, as the premature vegetative stage approached, the level of gamma-terpinene was restored. The content of p-cymenesthe other major monoterpene precursor-fluctuated seasonally in a manner similar to that shown by gamma-terpinene. Other monoterpene hydrocarbons such as myrcene and alpha-terpinene were also detected in smaller quantities, whereas various monoterpene alcohols such as linalool, borneol, and terpin-4-ol were found mainly in the oils obtained after the flowering stage. Finally, it is notable that the oils obtained during the just before the full flowering period contain beta-caryophyllene as one of their major components.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: before flowering satge; 16-June-2004
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Leaves and stems | Mt. Parnon, Peloponnese |
NP Content: 19.96 %
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Harvesting time: just before flowering satge; 16-June-2004
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Leaves and stems | Mt. Parnon, Peloponnese |
NP Content: 38.51 %
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| Species Name: Satureja thymbra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Month Variation; Developmental Stage Variation | [25] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Fresh plant materials were obtained in 2004 and 2005. S. thymbra 1(vegetative stage: just before flowering, date: June 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 2(vegetative stage: full flowering, date: July 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 3(vegetative stage: after flowering, date: Aug 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 4(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Sept 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 5(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Nov 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 6(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Feb 7, 2005, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 7(vegetative stage: before flowering, date: May 7, 2005, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. parnassica 8(vegetative stage: before flowering, date: June 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 9(vegetative stage: just before flowering, date: July 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 10(vegetative stage: full flowering, date: Aug 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 11(vegetative stage: after flowering, date: Sept 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800).
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| Factor Function |
It is evident that the phytochemical content of the essential oils for both Satureja species varied greatly, depending on the period examined, and showed large prevalence of phenolic content. It must also be pointed out that regardless of the vegetative stage of the plant collected, the sum of the two isomeric phenol monoterpenes (carvacrol and thymol) and their biosynthetic monoterpene precursors p-cymene and gamma-terpinene represented always the bulk of each essential oil (~76%). More specificallysfor both species-during their premature vegetative stage, gamma-terpinene constitutes the major component of their essential oils. The approach of the flowering period results in the simultaneous gradual diminishment of monoterpene precursors and the prevalence of their phenolic metabolites. Thus, essential oils obtained from plants collected during the 'just before their flowering' stage contain thymol as their major component, which constitutes 27.88 and 38.51% of the total oil content for S. thymbra and S. parnassica, respectively. On the other hand, during their full flowering period carvacrol prevails as the major component, accounting for 39.10% for S. thymbra and for 34.61% for S. parnassica. The end of the flowering stage delineates a sharp decrease of carvacrol levels and the predominance of thymol as the major component of the essential oils. A few months later, as the premature vegetative stage approached, the level of gamma-terpinene was restored. The content of p-cymenesthe other major monoterpene precursor-fluctuated seasonally in a manner similar to that shown by gamma-terpinene. Other monoterpene hydrocarbons such as myrcene and alpha-terpinene were also detected in smaller quantities, whereas various monoterpene alcohols such as linalool, borneol, and terpin-4-ol were found mainly in the oils obtained after the flowering stage. Finally, it is notable that the oils obtained during the just before the full flowering period contain beta-caryophyllene as one of their major components.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: just before flowering satge; 7-June-2004
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Leaves and stems | Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece |
NP Content: 27.88 %
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Harvesting time: full flowering satge; 7-June-2004
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Leaves, stems and flowers | Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece |
NP Content: 17.22 %
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Harvesting time: after flowering satge; 7-August-2004
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Leaves, stems and flowers | Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece |
NP Content: 12.59 %
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Harvesting time: fruiting satge; 7-September-2004
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Leaves and stems | Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece |
NP Content: 20.88 %
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Harvesting time: fruiting satge; 7-November-2004
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Leaves and stems | Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece |
NP Content: 20.73 %
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Harvesting time: fruiting satge; 7-February- 2005
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Leaves and stems | Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece |
NP Content: 20.21 %
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Harvesting time: before flowering satge; 7-May-2005
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Leaves and stems | Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece |
NP Content: 26.49 %
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Harvesting time: full flowering satge; 16-August-2004
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Leaves, stems and flowers | Mt. Parnon, Peloponnese |
NP Content: 20.33 %
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Harvesting time: after flowering satge; 16-September-2004
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Leaves, stems and flowers | Mt. Parnon, Peloponnese |
NP Content: 17.82 %
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| Species Name: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Seasonal Variation | [26] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Fresh aerial parts of the S. trilobata were collected from CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) in summer (vegetative stage), rainy (vegetative stage), autumn (flowering stage) and winter (flowering stage) seasons. The experimental site is located between coordinates 29.02° N, 79.31° E and an altitude of 243 m in foothills of northern India.
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| Factor Function |
Volatile oil yield varied from 0.18 to 0.25% in different seasons, with the maximum in winter season. Altogether, 43 constituents, representing 96.1-97.3% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oils were alpha-pinene (78.6-83.3%), alpha-phellandrene (1.3-4.1%), sabinene (1.4-1.9%), limonene (1.2-1.9%), beta-pinene (1.0-1.6%), camphene (0.7-2.0%), 10-nor-calamenen-10-one (<0.05-1.5%), germacrene D (0.1-1.4%) and gamma-amorphene (<0.05-1.3%). The comparative results showed no big differences in the oil composition of this plant due to season of collection.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: Summer
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Aerial parts | India |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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Harvesting time: Autumn
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Aerial parts | India |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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Harvesting time: Winter
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Aerial parts | India |
NP Content: <0.05 %
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| Species Name: Stachys pilifera | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [27] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Plant material and isolation procedure: Aerial parts of the plant were collected from two regions, from Kazeroon in southern Iran and Shahr-e-kord in western Iran at the time of flowering in June 2002.
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| Factor Function |
The main components of the oil of S. pilifera collected from Kazeroon, in southern Iran, were spathulenol (15.8%), cis-chrysanthenol (15.3%), beta-caryophyllene (8.4%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (6.9%), while for the plant collected from Shahr-e-kord, in western Iran, they were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (21.8%), linalool (18.9%), terpinen-4-ol (11.9%) and cis-chrysanthenol (9.2%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Kazeroon, southern Iran
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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Locality: Shahr-e-kord, western Iran
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Aerial parts | Iran |
NP Content: 1.1 %
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| Species Name: Tanacetum cadmeum ssp. orientale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [28] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Plant materials were collected during the flowering period in July 2002 from the Dumluca Mountain in the vicinity of Divrigi village of Sivas city at 1900 m altitude and Saksagan Gorge in Saimbeyli village of Adana city at 1900 m altitude.
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| Factor Function |
The flower, stem and root oils of T. cadmeum ssp. orientale collected from the Adana location were characterized with alpha-thujone (25%, 5.2%), cis-linalool oxide (6.8%, 12.8%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (5.8%, 8.5%) for flower and stem oils, and beta-eudesmol (10.3%, 6.2%, 13.8%); in addition, stem oil contained 1,8-cineole (6.6%) and root oil contained hexadecanoic acid (6.0%), spathulenol (5.8%) and beta-muurolol (5.3%). The flower and stem oils of T. cadmeum ssp. orientale collected from the Sivas location were characterized with camphor (25.9%, 14.8%), borneol (15.4%, 25.8%) and alpha-thujone (7.8%, 5.5%); in addition, stem oil contained 1,8-cineole (7.4%) and root oil contained nonacosane (16.2%), spathulenol (6.8%) and hexadecanoic acid (5.8%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Flower: (Locality: Sivas, Turkey)
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Flowers | Sivas, Turkey |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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Stem: (Locality: Sivas, Turkey)
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Stems | Sivas, Turkey |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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| Species Name: Teucrium chamaedrys | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [29] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The aerial parts of T. chamaedrys were collected at the flowering stage in June 2004 near Corti, Corsica, France and near Oristano, Sardinia, Italy
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| Factor Function |
The Corsican and Sardinian oils of T. chamaedrys investigated in this study were qualitatively similar but they differed by the amount of their major components. The major components were beta-caryophyllene (29.0% and 27.4%, respectively) and germacrene D (19.4% and 13.5%, respectively), followed by alpha-humulene (6.8%) and delta-cadinene (5.4%) in the Corsican oil and by caryophyllene oxide (12.3%) and alpha-humulene (6.5%) in the Sardinian oil. These quantitative differences are also noticeable on the amounts of the different class compounds. Especially, the monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for 10.3% and 4.1% in Sardinian and Corsican oils respectively and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes amounted for 18.9% and only 7.4% in both oils, respectively. Both oils were qualitatively rather similar in comparison with those reported in the literature from various geographic regions. However, among the 87 components identified in this study, 47 minor components (< 0.6%) reported were identified for the first time in T. chamaedrys oil. This study confirms the quantitative variability of the major components according to the plant origin.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Oristano, Sardinia, Italy
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Aerial parts | Italy |
NP Content: 1.2 %
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| Species Name: Thymus fontanesii | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation; Harvest Time Variation | [30] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Aerial parts of T. fontanesii were collected during June 2004, in full blossom, in the Province of Tlemcen in four locations: Sidi-snoussi, Remchi, Sebdou et Sebaa-chiouki and again, during June 2005, in the last location.
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| Factor Function |
The yield of oil obtained from the aerial parts of Thymus fontanesii harvested in the Province of Tlemcen (Algeria), calculated on dry material basis,varied slightly from station to station: Sebaa-chiouki = 5.20%, Sebdou = 5.25%, Sidisnoussi = 5.32%, Remchi = 5.46%. The composition of the four samples was quite similar, carvacrol (66.7-69.5%) being by far the main component. Other constituents, present at appreciable contents, were p-cymene (6.1-9.1%), gamma-terpinene (6.0-9.6%), linalool (3.0-4.0%), alpha-pinene (2.5-3.0%), myrcene (1.2-1.5%), and alpha-terpinene (1.1-1.4%). Conversely, thymol accounted only for 0.6-0.7% of the composition. Moreover, a sample harvested at Sebaa-chiouki, in June 2005, produced on oil with the same composition (68.3% of carvacrol). Obviously, aerial parts of T. fontanesii from the province of Tlemcen produced an oil whose composition differed substantially from that of the oil obtained from the same species harvested in Setif province and Constantine area (Algeria), dominated by thymol (67.8% and 68.2%, respectively).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Remchi, Province of Tlemcen, Algeria + Harvesting time: 2004
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Aerial parts | Algeria |
NP Content: 0.7 %
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Locality: Sebaa-chiouki, Province of Tlemcen, Algeria + Harvesting time: 2004
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Aerial parts | Algeria |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Locality: Sebaa-chiouki, Province of Tlemcen, Algeria + Harvesting time: 2005
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Aerial parts | Algeria |
NP Content: 0.5 %
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Locality: Sebdou, Province of Tlemcen, Algeria + Harvesting time: 2004
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Aerial parts | Algeria |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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Locality: Sidi-snoussi, Province of Tlemcen, Algeria + Harvesting time: 2004
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Aerial parts | Algeria |
NP Content: 0.6 %
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| Species Name: Thymus leucostomus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Altitude Variation | [31] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Herbal parts were collected from A = Eskisehir: Suluagac village in Turkey, altitude 1100 m, in July 1990 and B = Corum: Osmancik, Berk village in Turkey, altitude 580-600 m, on 22 June 1993.
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| Factor Function |
One chemotype (Suluagac village, Eskisehir, Turkey) contained carvacrol (21.59%), p-cymene (17.80%) and thymol (14.10%); and the other chemotype (Berk village, Corum, Turkey) contained alpha-terpinyl acetate (23.80%), borneol (12.85%), linalool (13.67%) and thymol (11.31%) as major constituents.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Suluagac village, Eskisehir, Turkey; Altitude 1100 m
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Herbal parts | Turkey |
NP Content: 14.1 %
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Locality: Berk village, Corum, Turkey; Altitude 580-600 m
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Herbal parts | Turkey |
NP Content: 11.31 %
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| Species Name: Thymus longicaulis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation; Developmental Stage Variation | [32] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Fresh plant materials were obtained on 2002. Collection Data: Thymus longicaulis, abbreviation: TLK, vegetative stage: in fruiting, date: 03/06/02, location: Mt. Kitheron, continental Greece, altitude (m): 600; Thymus longicaulis, abbreviation: TLP, vegetative stage: full flowering, date: 17/06/02, location: Mt. Parnon, Peloponnesus, altitude (m): 1650.
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| Factor Function |
T. longicaulis specimens, obtained fromvaried stations, showed large prevalent phenolic contents. The sample of TLK was exceptionally poor in phenolic monoterpenes (35.83%) and the essential oil of OVH was perticularly rich in carvacrol (88.71%).
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Stems, leaves, and flowers: full flowering satge + (Locality: Mt. Parnon, Peloponnesus, Greece)
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Stems; Leaves; Flowers (fresh) | Mt. Parnon, Peloponnesus |
NP Content: 3.53 %
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Stems, leaves, calyx, and seeds: fruiting stage + (Locality: Mt. Kitheron, continental Greece)
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Stems; Leaves; Calyx; Seeds (fresh) | Mt. Kitheron, continental Greece |
NP Content: 8.65 %
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| Factor Name: Chemotype Comparison | [33] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Aerial parts of the plants with distinct odors, harvested at full flowering stage, were collected from the same population (growing in an area of one m2) on Mt. Parnis Attiki, at an altitude of 1200 m in June 1995.
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| Factor Function |
Limonene (18.7%) and thymol (19.4%); geraniol (56.8%) and geranyl acetate (7.6%); linalool (63.1%) and alpha-terpinyl acetate (20.4%) were the predominant components in each of the three different chemotypes, respectively.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chemotype (thyme-odor type)
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Aerial parts | Attiki, Greece |
NP Content: 1.7 %
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Chemotype (thyme-odor type)
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Aerial parts | Attiki, Greece |
NP Content: 19.4 %
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Chemotype (rose-odor type)
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Aerial parts | Attiki, Greece |
NP Content: 0.4 %
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| Species Name: Thymus pseudopulegioides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [34] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Plant materials were collected from the following localities in north western Turkey. A = Trabzon: Caykara, Soganli dag on July 28, 1994; B = Bayburt: Caykara, Mohakambo yaylasi on July 25, 1994; C = Trabzon: Koprubasi, Vizara yaylasi on July 20, 1994.
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| Factor Function |
One hundred and four compounds were identified representing 97.5-99.5% of the total components detected in thymol/carvacrol (50.14/10.67%), thymol/linalool (23.14/20.24%) and linalool/alpha-terpinyl acetate/geraniol (21.55/16.70/11.17%) rich oils.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Soganli dag, Caykara, Trabzon, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Eskisehir, Turkey |
NP Content: 2 %
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Locality: Soganli dag, Caykara, Trabzon, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Eskisehir, Turkey |
NP Content: 23.1 %
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Locality: Mohakambo yaylasi, Caykara, Bayburt, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Eskisehir, Turkey |
NP Content: 1.8 %
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Locality: Mohakambo yaylasi, Caykara, Bayburt, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Eskisehir, Turkey |
NP Content: 50.1 %
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Locality: Vizara yaylasi, Koprubasi, Trabzon, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Eskisehir, Turkey |
NP Content: 1.1 %
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Locality: Vizara yaylasi, Koprubasi, Trabzon, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Eskisehir, Turkey |
NP Content: 8.6 %
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| Species Name: Thymus striatus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Locality Variation | [35] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Aerial parts of the plant were collected from four localities: A = Kirklareli: Karadere in May 1991; B = Kirklareli: Karahamza Village in May 1990; C = Kirklareli: Evciler Village on 13 June 1993; D = Kirklareli: Korukoy on 25 May 1994
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| Factor Function |
The four oils obtained from plants collected in different localities of the same region gave quite different compositions as follows: A: thymol (10.5%), 1,8-cineole (9.96%), p-cymene (9.48%), carvacrol (5.28%); B: beta-caryophyllene (29.50%), carvacrol(20.59%); C: thymol (34.7%), beta-caryophyllene (12.74%), carvacrol (5.24%); D: beta-caryophyllene (56.48%), germacrene D (11.12%), carvacrol (4.85%). Since the identities of the plant materials were checked repeatedly, any misidentification is ruled out. Except for A and C, all the other materials showed beta-caryophyllene as the major constituent. Carvacrol (20.59%) was present in good amount in the oil of B. In A, however, high percentages of 1,8-cineole (10%) and p-cymene (9.5%) were significant. This oil contained only a trace amount of beta-caryophyllene. Four isomeric caryophyllene alcohols were detected in the oil B. The results clearly indicate that the oil of T. striatus var. interruptus has no consistency and we can safely suggest that there are at least three chemotypes, namely thymol/1,8-cineole/p-cymene-type; thymol/beta-caryophyllene-type; and beta-caryophyllene-type, of this species.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locality: Karadere, Kirklareli, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Kirklareli, Turkey |
NP Content: 0.1 %
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Locality: Karadere, Kirklareli, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Kirklareli, Turkey |
NP Content: 10.5 %
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Locality: Karahamza Village, Kirklareli, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Kirklareli, Turkey |
NP Content: 4 %
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Locality: Evciler Village, Kirklareli, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Kirklareli, Turkey |
NP Content: 34.7 %
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Locality: Korukoy, Kirklareli, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Kirklareli, Turkey |
NP Content: 0.5 %
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Locality: Korukoy, Kirklareli, Turkey
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Aerial parts | Kirklareli, Turkey |
NP Content: 1 %
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