| The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Species Name: Amaranthus tricolor genotype VA13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: NaCl Treatment | [1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
On the basis of previous studies, an antioxidant enriched high yield potential genotype (Accession VA13) was selected for this investigation. This genotype was grown in pots of a rain shelter open field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh (AEZ-28, 24° 23′ north latitude, 90° 08′ east longitude, 8.4 m.s.l.). The seeds were sown in plastic pots (15 cm in height and 40 cm length and 30 cm width) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. N: P2O5:K2O were applied @92:48:60 kg/ha as a split dose. First, in pot soil, @46:48:60 kg ha 1 N: P2O5:K2O and second, at 7 days after sowing (DAS) @46:0:0 kg/ha N: P2O5:K2O. The genotype was grouped into three sets and subjected to four salinity stress treatments that are, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaCl, and control or no saline water (NS). Pots were well irrigated with fresh water every day up to 10 days after sowing (DAS) of seeds for proper establishment and vigorous growth of seedlings. Imposition of salinity stress treatment was started at 11 DAS and continued up to 40 DAS (edible stage). Saline water (100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl and 25 mM NaCl) and fresh water were applied to respective pots once a day. At 40 DAS the leaves of Amaranthus tricolor were harvested. All the parameters were measured in six samples.
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| Factor Function |
At Moderate salinity stress (MSS) and Severe salinity stress (SSS) conditions, leaf color parameters and pigments, vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of A. tricolor leaves were very high compared to control condition. Hence, salt-stressed A. tricolor leaves had a good source of natural antioxidants compared to plant grown in normal cultivation practices.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No saline water (Control)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 1.16 ± 0.03 µg/g fresh weight
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25 mM NaCl (Low salinity stress)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 1.23 ± 0.05 µg/g fresh weight
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50 mM NaCl (Moderate salinity stress)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 2.36 ± 0.06 µg/g fresh weight
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100 mM NaCl (Severe salinity stress)
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Leaves | Bangabandhu |
NP Content: 2.38 ± 0.03 µg/g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Brassica juncea (var. RLC-1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: CdCl2 Treatment; Earthworms Treatment | [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions using plastic pots having lower diameter of 7.8 cm, upper diameter of 13.5 cm and 12 cm in height. The soil was collected from the top layer (0-20 cm) from the Botanical Garden of the university. Soil was air dried crushed and sieved through 2 mm filter autoclaved at 121 ℃ for 2 h. The soil was autoclaved to exclude soil pathogens and other microorganisms if any. The autoclaved soil was poured in pots and kept in the growth chamber. The pots were filled with 500 g uncontaminated soil and partially decayed compost (cow manure) (2:1) and was used as growing medium. The cow dung was added into the soil for better performance of earthworms. A subsample of the study soil before mixing with compost was analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics. The soil used for the experiment was sandy loam soil having pH 7.8 , EC (Electrical conductivity) (µS/cm) =184.25 , TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) (mg/kg) = 130 , N (Nitrogen) (mg/kg) = 103 , P (Phosphorus) (mg/kg) = 10.6 , K (Potassium) (mg/kg) = 0.343 , %OC = 0.894, Cd (mg/kg) = ND (not detected by AAS).The Cd treatment was given by using anhydrous CdCl2 (Minimum assay: 95.0%) procured from Hi-Media laboratories. The CdCl2 anhydrous was added to the soil to make different concentrations of Cd 0.50 mM, 0.75 mM, 1.00 mM, and 1.25 mM (i.e. 56 mg/Kg , 84 mg/Kg , 112 mg/Kg and 140 mg/Kg respectively). The various treatments given are as shown below:(1)C0 (Control): (Cadmium absence);(2)C1: (0.5 mM Cd);(3)C2: (0.75 mM Cd);(4)C3: (1.00 mM Cd);(5)C4: (1.25 mM Cd).Each Cd treatment was given in soils without as well as with earthworms (WTE = without, WE = with earthworms). Earthworms (3 earthworms per pot) were inoculated after seven days of Cd treatment and incubated for 7 d in soil with earthworms. The seeds after surface sterilization were sown in soil containing different concentration of Cd and earthworms in plastic pots. These pots were kept in seed germinator under controlled conditions i.e. 25 ℃ temperature and 16:8 h dark: light photoperiod (1700 lx) for 15 d. Seedlings were harvested after 15 d followed by washing with distilled water. The growth and biochemical analysis was done on these seedlings.
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| Factor Function |
Increased Cd uptake in plants in presence of earthworms enhances the total antioxidative capacity, metal chelating compounds and content of other antioxidants in plants grown under metal polluted soils. Earthworms can improve plant growth by improving nutrient availability to plants through their vermicasting activity. Their role in modifying soil pH and increasing metal phytoavailability made their use ideal in phytoremediation of polluted soils. Increased uptake and accumulation of Cd in plants activates the antioxidative system of plants takes place by addition of earthworms to soil.
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| Mechanism |
The gene expression for the key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism was studied to understand the role of earthworms in organic acid metabolism in plants under Cd metal stress. It was observed that in comparison to control (C0) seedlings the expression of CS, SUCLG1, SDH and FH was enhanced 1.72, 1.58, 1.65 and 1.88 folds in seedlings given C4 treatment with 1.25 mM dose of Cd respectively . However, after supplementation of earthworms to Cd treated soils given C4 treatment resulted in further enhancement in expression of CS (2.53 fold), SUCLG1 (2.35 fold), SDH (2.13 fold) and FH (3.06 fold) .
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0.5 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.000694 ± 0.000003 mg/g
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0 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.000453 ± 0.000059 mg/g
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0 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.001993 ± 0.00005 mg/g
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0.75 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.0001 ± 0.000001 mg/g
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1.25 mM CdCl2 + with earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.00092 ± 0.000002 mg/g
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| Factor Name: 24-epibrassinolide Treatment; Imidacloprid Treatment | [3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Seeds of B. juncea (cv. RLC-1) were given pre-sowing treatment with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) solutions (0 and 100 nM EBR/L) for 8 h. Petri-plates were lined with Whatman1 filter paper and were supplemented with different imidacloprid (IMI) concentrations (0, 150, 200, and 250 mg IMI/L). The EBR treated seeds were rinsed with distilled water and grown in Petri-plates supplemented with IMI solutions (three petri-plates for each treatment). The Petri-plates were kept in seed germinator (temperature = 25 ℃ , photoperiod = 16 h, light intensity = 175 µmol m -2 s-1) and the seedlings were harvested 10 days after sowing for further analysis.
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| Factor Function |
Seed soaking with 24-epibrassinolide recovers the impaired growth of B. juncea seedlings under imidacloprid stress by modulating the expression of genes encoding key enzymes including chlorophyllase, citrate synthase, succinyl Co-A ligase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate synthase, phytoene synthase, chalcone synthase, and phenylalanine ammonialyase.
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| Mechanism |
In the present study, as compared to control seedlings, the expression of gene CHLASE (encoding chlorophyllase) was observed to increase by 2.66-fold under IMI toxicity, but seed soaking with EBR significantly reduced the expression of CHLASE to 1.07-fold in the seedlings under IMI toxicity . Data analysis using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD showed significant difference for CHLASE expression in B. juncea seedlings (FIMI p < 0.01, FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR p < 0.001). MLR analysis of the fold change in CHLASE expression also revealed the increased expression of gene with IMI toxicity and EBR application (positive betaIMI-value), whereas interaction between IMI and EBR was observed to be negative .Further, in comparison to control seedlings, the expression of PSY (encoding phytoene synthase) and CHS (encoding chalcone synthase) was significantly enhanced by 5.22 and 4.54-folds respectively in the seedlings raised from EBR treated as well as untreated seeds grown under IMI stress . Significant differences in expression PSY (FIMI p < 0.001, FEBR P<0.05) and CHS (FIMI * EBR p < 0.001) were observed after analyzing the data using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. MLR analysis of fold change in gene expression also revealed the role of EBR in modulation of gene expression of PSY and CHS. Concentrations of IMI as well as EBR were regressed positively on the fold change in gene expression of PSY and CHS, thus revealing enhanced expressions of these genes under both the treatments. Moreover, interaction between IMI and EBR was positive for PSY expression, whereas negative interaction was observed for the expression of CHS .In the present study, the expression of PAL was also observed to enhance significantly by 6.68-fold in the seedlings raised from EBR treated seeds and grown under IMI stress . After analyzing the data using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD, significant difference in the expression of PAL was observed (FIMI p < 0.01, FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR P<0.05). MLR analysis of the fold change in gene expression also confirmed the role of EBR in increasing the PAL gene expression under IMI pesticide stress. Positive beta-regression coefficients were observed for IMI, EBR, and IMI * EBR .The expression of genes encoding the key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism was also studied to understand the role of EBR in organic acid metabolism under IMI pesticide stress. It was observed that as compared to control seedlings, the expression of CS (encoding citrate synthase, 2.35-fold), SUCLG1 (encoding succinyl-Co-A ligase, 1.57-fold), SDH (encoding succinate dehydrogenase, 2.01-fold), FH (encoding fumarate hydratase, 1.57-fold), and MS (encoding malate synthase, 1.91-fold) were increased in B. juncea seedlings raised from untreated seeds and grown under IMI pesticide toxicity . However, seed soaking with 100 nM EBR and germinating them under IMI toxicity resulted in further enhancement in expression of CS (2.61-fold), SUCLGD1 (4.18-fold), SDH (2.55-fold), FH (3.73-fold), and MS (4.03-fold). Data analysis using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD showed significant differences in the expression of CS (FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR p < 0.01), SUCLG1 (FEBR p < 0.001, FIMI * EBR P<0.05), SDH (FEBR p < 0.01), FH (FEBR p < 0.001), and MS (FEBR p < 0.001). MLR analysis showed that gene expression in seedlings under IMI stress as well as after the EBR seed treatment was increased as indicated by positive beta-regression coefficients. Whereas, negative interactions were noticed between IMI and EBR treatments for the expression of all genes studied related to organic acid metabolism.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 0 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.0017 ± 0.00018 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 150 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00598 ± 0.00068 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 150 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00235 ± 0.00011 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 250 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.0025 ± 0.00025 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 250 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00118 ± 0.00003 mg/g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Crocus sativus L. (saffron) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: AMF Inoculation; Harvest Time Variation | [4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
AMF Inoculation in Pot : Saffron corms with horizontal diameters of 1.3 to 2.8 cm were sown in pots (4 L; 1 corm per pot) in the last ten days of August 2016. Pots were filled with sterile quartz sand (3 L per pot) on a layer of sterilized expanded clay (1 L per pot). Corms were treated with two inocula (MycAgro Lab, Breteniere, FR), one composed of a single fungus Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) and one of R. intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae (Ri + Fm). Ten grams of each inoculum were placed under each corm in order to guarantee the contact between the inoculum and the roots and therefore to favor the symbiosis between AMF and roots. Saffron corms used as controls were not inoculated (AMF-). Corms were not treated against fungal pathogens. A randomized block design was used with a total of 48 pots displayed in two experimental plot units (24 pots per unit) and three treatments (8 pots per treatment). Cultivation lasted for one cycle (August 2016-April 2017) in a heated glasshouse of the Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) of the University of Torino (Italy, 45° 06′ 23.21″ N Lat, 7° 57′ 82.8″ E Long; 293 m a.s.l.), with an average temperature of 22 ℃ during the day and 16 ℃ in the night. Irrigation water (pH 7.4, EC 505 µS cm) was added weekly (250 mL per pot) with a drip system. The corms were fertilized by fertigation (VIGORFLOR, AL.FE. srl, MN, Italy) every two weeks starting from the emergence of the spate, in quantities of 1.5 g/L of water. No flowering occurred because of the small size of the corms.AMF Inoculation in Open Field : Saffron corms with horizontal diameters of 2.5 to 3.5 cm were planted in the last ten days of August 2016 in two Alpine experimental sites located in the municipality of Morgex (45° 45′ 35″ N; 7° 02′ 37.3″ E; 1000 m a.s.l.) and Saint Cristophe (45° 45′ 06″ N; 7° 20′ 37″ E; 700 m a.s.l.) in Italy and cultivation lasted for two cycles (2016-2017 and 2017-2018). Both sites were cultivated with saffron for at least the previous three years. Before starting the experiment both fields were milled. To assess the effects of AMF inocula on saffron cultivation and production, the same treatments used in the pot trial were applied (Ri, Ri + Fm or AMF-). A randomized block design was used, with three experimental plot units (blocks). Each plot unit consisted of 56 corms, planted in a 1.44 m2 area (39 corms m-2). Inter-row planting distance was of 7 cm, while between-row distance was 25 cm. Plots were separated from each other with at least 4 m distance. Before planting, 10 g of inoculum was placed under the corms to ensure contact between plant and the treatment. Irrigation was provided when needed and hand weeding control was conducted during cultivation, while no preplanting fertilization, tillage, or treatments against pathogens were applied. The two Alpine sites were characterized by semicontinental climate, with a long and cold winter . In general, both sites had a sandy-loam texture according to the USDA classification and similar chemical characteristics.
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| Factor Function |
The inoculum composed by R. intraradices and F. mosseae was particularly effective in increasing flower production and saffron yield, while R. intraradices alone increased the content of some bioactive compounds-picrocrocin, quercitrin, crocin II-as well as antioxidant activity.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harvesting time: 2016-2017
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 2 mg/100g dry weight
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Harvesting time: 2017-2018
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 0 mg/100g dry weight
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Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae inoculation
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 2 mg/100g dry weight
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Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 2 mg/100g dry weight
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Non-AMF inoculation (Control)
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Powdered saffrons | Italy |
NP Content: 1 mg/100g dry weight
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| Species Name: Fragaria × ananassa Duch. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Nitrogen Treatment; AMF Inoculation | [5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiment was conducted in a 'shade'-type greenhouse with 30% shade at the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IIAF), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. Maximum and minimum temperatures in the greenhouse varied between 28 and 32 ℃ and between 8 and 18 ℃ respectively. Plants of the strawberry cultivar 'Aromas' were used that had previously been grown in a sterilised (95 ℃ water/steam, 40 min) substrate of coconut fibre/perlite (1:3 v/v) under greenhouse conditions. Before the experiment was established, the absence of AMF in the roots was verified by the ink and vinegar technique, modifying the duration of immersion in KOH and ink/vinegar solution (7 and 5 min respectively). Before planting, roots were disinfected by submerging them for 20 s in 20 g/L sodium hypochlorite solution and rinsing them in water. The inoculum was prepared with spores of Glomus intraradices cultivated in liquid medium (3.5 × 106 spores/L, 90% viability; Premier Tech Biotechnologies Company, Quebec, Canada), which was diluted with fitagel (Sigma P-8169, Saint Louis, MO, USA) solution at 50 g/L to obtain a final concentration of about 5 × 104 spores/L. The viability of spores was determined according to the method of An and Hendrix. Eighteen days after setting up the experiment, each plant received 2 mL of inoculum applied directly to the recently formed roots. One month later, after staining, the percentage of root colonisation was determined by the gridline intersect method. The experiment was organised as a full factorial, completely randomised design with two factors: inoculation (two levels: mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants) and N concentration in the nutrient solution (three levels: 3, 6 and 18 mmol/L). The six treatments were replicated four times, producing 24 experimental units with ten plants each. Every second day, all plants were irrigated up to substrate saturation. Nitrogen was supplied as NO and the cation/anion ratio was kept constant by varying the concentration of SO. When N was below 18 mmol/L, the cation concentrations were maintained as follows: K+, 3; Ca2+, 3.5; Mg2+, 1.5 mmol/L. They were increased in the 18 mmol/L N treatment: K+, 6.5; Ca2+, 7.5; Mg2+, 3.25 mmol/L. In all nutrient solutions the concentration of phosphorus (P) was 0.3 mmol/L. The other nutrients in the solutions were: H3BO3, 20; CuSO4. 5H2O, 0.5; Fe-EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron (III) sodium salt), 15; MnSO4.H2O, 12; (NH4)6Mo7O24 . 4H2O, 0.05; ZnSO4 . 7H2O, 3 µmol/L. The pH was adjusted to 5.5 at every application date.
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| Factor Function |
Mycorrhization did not modify the weight, diameter or length of strawberry fruits but had a negative effect on most colour parameters. Moreover, fruits of mycorrhizal plants had higher K and Cu concentrations and showed greater accumulation of most phenolic compounds.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.099 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.096 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.1 g/kg dry matter
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Glomus intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.107 g/kg dry matter
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Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.089 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.109 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.089 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.113 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.078 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.099 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.101 g/kg dry matter
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| Species Name: Rubus idaeus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Organic Fertilization; Traditional Fertilization | [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiment was carried out in 2013. Leaves of five raspberry cultivars ('Polana', 'Polka', 'Tulameen', 'Laszka' and 'Glen Ample') were collected at the time of cultivation. Three organic and neighborhood conventional farms were used for experimental purposes. From one cultivar (one field plot), 3-4 plants were chosen, which were analyzed separately. One sample consisted of 10 leaves. The farm was treated as a replication. [organic farm no. 1 Localization: akroczym(52° 26″ N 20° 36″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and IVb category (15% floatable particles) pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 35 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Grevit 200 SL; organic farm no. 2 Localization: Zaluski (52° 37″ N 20° 22″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil, sandy-clay IV category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer:cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 30 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: no protection; organic farm no. 3 Localization: Radzanow(51° 33″ N 20° 51″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and III category (10% floatable particles), pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:sheep manure, green manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Bioczos 33 SL, Grevit 200 SL; conventional farm no. 1 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: Hydrocomplex 12-11-18; Superba 8-11-36, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: (200 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha) in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Signum 33 WG, Miros 20 SP; conventional farm no. 2 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (25% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: amonium nitrate, polyphosphate, magnesium sulphate, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG; conventional farm no. 3 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla(52° 25″ N 20° 23″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-clay middle soil II and III category (20% floatable particles) pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:Rosafert 5-12-24-3, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 250 kg/ha in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 4 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG].
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| Factor Function |
Compared with conventional raspberry leaves, organic raspberry leaves were characterized by a significantly higher content of dry matter, total polyphenols, total phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside; moreover, the organic leaves were characterized by higher antioxidant activity. Among examined cultivars, 'Polka' c. was characterized by the highest antioxidant status. However, raspberry leaves from conventional farms contained more total carotenoids, violaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, total chlorophyll and individual forms of chlorophylls: a and b.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cultivation System: organic farm
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 15.18 ± 2.41 mg/100g fresh weight
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Cultivation System: conventional farm
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 16.96 ± 2.46 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Polana
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 20.04 ± 5.10 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Polka
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 23.22 ± 3.89 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Tulameen
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 6.46 ± 1.01 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Laszka
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 9.96 ± 1.50 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Glen Ample
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 17.54 ± 0.87 mg/100g fresh weight
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