| The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Species Name: Brassica juncea (var. RLC-1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: CdCl2 Treatment; Earthworms Treatment | [1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions using plastic pots having lower diameter of 7.8 cm, upper diameter of 13.5 cm and 12 cm in height. The soil was collected from the top layer (0-20 cm) from the Botanical Garden of the university. Soil was air dried crushed and sieved through 2 mm filter autoclaved at 121 ℃ for 2 h. The soil was autoclaved to exclude soil pathogens and other microorganisms if any. The autoclaved soil was poured in pots and kept in the growth chamber. The pots were filled with 500 g uncontaminated soil and partially decayed compost (cow manure) (2:1) and was used as growing medium. The cow dung was added into the soil for better performance of earthworms. A subsample of the study soil before mixing with compost was analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics. The soil used for the experiment was sandy loam soil having pH 7.8 , EC (Electrical conductivity) (µS/cm) =184.25 , TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) (mg/kg) = 130 , N (Nitrogen) (mg/kg) = 103 , P (Phosphorus) (mg/kg) = 10.6 , K (Potassium) (mg/kg) = 0.343 , %OC = 0.894, Cd (mg/kg) = ND (not detected by AAS).The Cd treatment was given by using anhydrous CdCl2 (Minimum assay: 95.0%) procured from Hi-Media laboratories. The CdCl2 anhydrous was added to the soil to make different concentrations of Cd 0.50 mM, 0.75 mM, 1.00 mM, and 1.25 mM (i.e. 56 mg/Kg , 84 mg/Kg , 112 mg/Kg and 140 mg/Kg respectively). The various treatments given are as shown below:(1)C0 (Control): (Cadmium absence);(2)C1: (0.5 mM Cd);(3)C2: (0.75 mM Cd);(4)C3: (1.00 mM Cd);(5)C4: (1.25 mM Cd).Each Cd treatment was given in soils without as well as with earthworms (WTE = without, WE = with earthworms). Earthworms (3 earthworms per pot) were inoculated after seven days of Cd treatment and incubated for 7 d in soil with earthworms. The seeds after surface sterilization were sown in soil containing different concentration of Cd and earthworms in plastic pots. These pots were kept in seed germinator under controlled conditions i.e. 25 ℃ temperature and 16:8 h dark: light photoperiod (1700 lx) for 15 d. Seedlings were harvested after 15 d followed by washing with distilled water. The growth and biochemical analysis was done on these seedlings.
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| Factor Function |
Increased Cd uptake in plants in presence of earthworms enhances the total antioxidative capacity, metal chelating compounds and content of other antioxidants in plants grown under metal polluted soils. Earthworms can improve plant growth by improving nutrient availability to plants through their vermicasting activity. Their role in modifying soil pH and increasing metal phytoavailability made their use ideal in phytoremediation of polluted soils. Increased uptake and accumulation of Cd in plants activates the antioxidative system of plants takes place by addition of earthworms to soil.
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| Mechanism |
The gene expression for the key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism was studied to understand the role of earthworms in organic acid metabolism in plants under Cd metal stress. It was observed that in comparison to control (C0) seedlings the expression of CS, SUCLG1, SDH and FH was enhanced 1.72, 1.58, 1.65 and 1.88 folds in seedlings given C4 treatment with 1.25 mM dose of Cd respectively . However, after supplementation of earthworms to Cd treated soils given C4 treatment resulted in further enhancement in expression of CS (2.53 fold), SUCLG1 (2.35 fold), SDH (2.13 fold) and FH (3.06 fold) .
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0 mM CdCl2 + without earthworms
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NA | Ludhiana, India. |
NP Content: 0.000056 ± 0.000002 mg/g
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| Factor Name: 24-epibrassinolide Treatment; Imidacloprid Treatment | [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Seeds of B. juncea (cv. RLC-1) were given pre-sowing treatment with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) solutions (0 and 100 nM EBR/L) for 8 h. Petri-plates were lined with Whatman1 filter paper and were supplemented with different imidacloprid (IMI) concentrations (0, 150, 200, and 250 mg IMI/L). The EBR treated seeds were rinsed with distilled water and grown in Petri-plates supplemented with IMI solutions (three petri-plates for each treatment). The Petri-plates were kept in seed germinator (temperature = 25 ℃ , photoperiod = 16 h, light intensity = 175 µmol m -2 s-1) and the seedlings were harvested 10 days after sowing for further analysis.
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| Factor Function |
Seed soaking with 24-epibrassinolide recovers the impaired growth of B. juncea seedlings under imidacloprid stress by modulating the expression of genes encoding key enzymes including chlorophyllase, citrate synthase, succinyl Co-A ligase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate synthase, phytoene synthase, chalcone synthase, and phenylalanine ammonialyase.
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| Mechanism |
In the present study, as compared to control seedlings, the expression of gene CHLASE (encoding chlorophyllase) was observed to increase by 2.66-fold under IMI toxicity, but seed soaking with EBR significantly reduced the expression of CHLASE to 1.07-fold in the seedlings under IMI toxicity . Data analysis using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD showed significant difference for CHLASE expression in B. juncea seedlings (FIMI p < 0.01, FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR p < 0.001). MLR analysis of the fold change in CHLASE expression also revealed the increased expression of gene with IMI toxicity and EBR application (positive betaIMI-value), whereas interaction between IMI and EBR was observed to be negative .Further, in comparison to control seedlings, the expression of PSY (encoding phytoene synthase) and CHS (encoding chalcone synthase) was significantly enhanced by 5.22 and 4.54-folds respectively in the seedlings raised from EBR treated as well as untreated seeds grown under IMI stress . Significant differences in expression PSY (FIMI p < 0.001, FEBR P<0.05) and CHS (FIMI * EBR p < 0.001) were observed after analyzing the data using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. MLR analysis of fold change in gene expression also revealed the role of EBR in modulation of gene expression of PSY and CHS. Concentrations of IMI as well as EBR were regressed positively on the fold change in gene expression of PSY and CHS, thus revealing enhanced expressions of these genes under both the treatments. Moreover, interaction between IMI and EBR was positive for PSY expression, whereas negative interaction was observed for the expression of CHS .In the present study, the expression of PAL was also observed to enhance significantly by 6.68-fold in the seedlings raised from EBR treated seeds and grown under IMI stress . After analyzing the data using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD, significant difference in the expression of PAL was observed (FIMI p < 0.01, FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR P<0.05). MLR analysis of the fold change in gene expression also confirmed the role of EBR in increasing the PAL gene expression under IMI pesticide stress. Positive beta-regression coefficients were observed for IMI, EBR, and IMI * EBR .The expression of genes encoding the key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism was also studied to understand the role of EBR in organic acid metabolism under IMI pesticide stress. It was observed that as compared to control seedlings, the expression of CS (encoding citrate synthase, 2.35-fold), SUCLG1 (encoding succinyl-Co-A ligase, 1.57-fold), SDH (encoding succinate dehydrogenase, 2.01-fold), FH (encoding fumarate hydratase, 1.57-fold), and MS (encoding malate synthase, 1.91-fold) were increased in B. juncea seedlings raised from untreated seeds and grown under IMI pesticide toxicity . However, seed soaking with 100 nM EBR and germinating them under IMI toxicity resulted in further enhancement in expression of CS (2.61-fold), SUCLGD1 (4.18-fold), SDH (2.55-fold), FH (3.73-fold), and MS (4.03-fold). Data analysis using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD showed significant differences in the expression of CS (FEBR p < 0.01, FIMI * EBR p < 0.01), SUCLG1 (FEBR p < 0.001, FIMI * EBR P<0.05), SDH (FEBR p < 0.01), FH (FEBR p < 0.001), and MS (FEBR p < 0.001). MLR analysis showed that gene expression in seedlings under IMI stress as well as after the EBR seed treatment was increased as indicated by positive beta-regression coefficients. Whereas, negative interactions were noticed between IMI and EBR treatments for the expression of all genes studied related to organic acid metabolism.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 0 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00177 ± 0.00014 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 0 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00002 ± 0.000004 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 150 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00133 ± 0.00011 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 150 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00116 ± 0.00024 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 200 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.01054 ± 0.00123 mg/g fresh weight
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0 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 250 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.00286 ± 0.00028 mg/g fresh weight
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100 nM 24-epibrassinolide + 250 mg/L Imidacloprid
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Fresh seedlings | NA |
NP Content: 0.02387 ± 0.00331 mg/g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Clausena lansium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation | [3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves of four developmental stages, namely, (i) leaf buds, (ii) young leaves, (iii) mature leaves, and (iv) old leaves, were collected from three 13-year-old trees grown in wampee resources nursery of Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Guangzhou, China.
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| Factor Function |
Increase in bound flavonoids, quercetin, and cellular antioxidant activity was observed in bound and free fractions at different stages of leaf development. Predominantly, quercetin and ferulic acid contents were high in free and bound fractions of old leaves. In addition, phenolic components depicted highly significant positive association (p < 0.05) with antioxidant activity.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Leaf buds
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.46 ± 0.01 mg/100g
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Leaf buds
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.52 ± 0.01 mg/100g
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Young leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.34 ± 0.03 mg/100g
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Young leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.49 ± 0.01 mg/100g
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Mature leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.45 ± 0.02 mg/100g
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Mature leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.42 ± 0.01 mg/100g
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Old leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 1.70 ± 0.04 mg/100g
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Old leaves
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Leaves | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China |
NP Content: 2.85 ± 0.74 mg/100g
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| Species Name: Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: SiO2 NPs Treatment | [4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Seeds were treated with sulfuric acid (98%, 10 min) and then surface sterilized with 70% ethanol (v/v) for 1 min and sodium hypochlorite solution (10%, at 10 min). After sterilization, seeds were germinated on MS media (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) containing 7 g/L agar (Duchefa, Netherlands). Cultures were maintained under 16/8 h light/dark. Explants were taken from 4-week-old leaves for inoculation with bacteria strain.ATCC15834 strain of A. rhizogenes was supplied by microbial unit of the National Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran-Iran. Bacterial cells cultivated on LB (Luria-Bertani) culture medium (Bertani, 1952) on rotary shaker (at 26 ℃ and 180 rpm for 48 h) in the darkened state.The leaves were wounded and inoculated with bacterial suspension for 5 min and transferred to MS media containing 7 g/L agar in darkness at 25 ℃ . After 48 h treated Explants were cultured on the 1/2 MS media containing cefotaxime (500 mg/L) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (2 mg/L). Hairy roots emerged at wounded sites, after 4-weeks of incubation, and then each hairy root line was isolated from explants tissue and was subcultured weekly in new media (1/2 MS hormone-free media) with appropriate antibiotic. The concentration of cefotaxime was decreased gradually and eliminated from the culture medium after 8 subcultures and axenic root cultures were obtained. Then hairy root lines were transferred to the 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 30 mL hormone- free 1/2 MS liquid medium and incubated on a rotary shaker (120 rpm) at 25 ℃ and subcultured every two week. Hairy root line, which showed sufficient growth in 1/2 MS liquid medium, was selected for further investigations.The genomic DNA was extracted from transformed hairy root lines and plant intact roots with CTAB method . Gene-specific primers from rol B were used for amplification of the 780-bp segment in PCR analysis. The primers sequences were, F:5'-ATGGATCCCAAATTGCTATTCCCCCACGA-3'and R:5'-TTAGGCTTCTTTCATTCGGTTTACTGCAGC-3'. Thirty-five PCR cycles were performed with 5 min initial denaturation at 94 ℃ , annealing steps at 60 ℃ for 80 s, extension at 72 ℃ for 90 s, and final extension step of 72 ℃ for 10 min. The amplimer were analyzed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.To investigate the effects of SiO2 NPs, various concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L) of this elicitor were added to the hairy roots culture medium (1/2 MS + 3% sucrose, pH = 5.7) at the end of log phase of growth stages (21-days-old cultures). Hairy roots were incubated with elicitor for 24 and 48 h of exposure time. Hairy roots were harvested 7 days after elicitation and dried on sterile filter paper to remove excess surface moisture and were weighed before freezing by liquid nitrogen and stored at -80℃ until used to measure growth, biochemical and phytochemical analysis.
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| Factor Function |
The effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on production of phenolic compounds and expression rate of pal and ras genes involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis pathway has been investigated in D. kotschyi. SiO2 nanoparticles, used as an abiotic elicitor in our study, has appropriate optical, electrical and catalysts properties and has many applications in various industries as well as agriculture. This study clearly suggested that, in the presence of this nanoparticle, induction, production and accumulation of valuable compounds and corresponding antioxidant activity increased in hairy roots.
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| Mechanism |
According to the results, expression levels of the pal and ras genes were influenced by elicitor concentration and exposure time. The elicitation by SiO2 NP of 100 mg/L after 48 h of exposure time dramatically increased pal expression compared to the control. Briefly, with increasing SiO2 NP concentrations after 48 h of exposure time, the expression level of pal was also significantly induced . Similarly, ras expression was significantly raised at 48 h after treatment by increasing SiO2 NP concentration and enhanced to the greatest extent in 50 mg/L concentration. After 24 h of exposure time, the minimum level of ras expression was observed in the 200 mg/L SiO2 . Amplification products of real-time PCR were assessed with 1.8% agarose gel which was corresponded to the predicted size.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Normal condition
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Frozen hairy roots | Iran |
NP Content: 7.82 µg/g fresh weight
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100 mg/L SiO2 NPs + Exposure time: 24 h
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Frozen hairy roots | Iran |
NP Content: 2.11 µg/g fresh weight
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200 mg/L SiO2 NPs + Exposure time: 24 h
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Frozen hairy roots | Iran |
NP Content: 5.35 µg/g fresh weight
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200 mg/L SiO2 NPs + Exposure time: 48 h
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Frozen hairy roots | Iran |
NP Content: 4.31 µg/g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Fragaria × ananassa Duch. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Nitrogen Treatment; AMF Inoculation | [5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiment was conducted in a 'shade'-type greenhouse with 30% shade at the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IIAF), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. Maximum and minimum temperatures in the greenhouse varied between 28 and 32 ℃ and between 8 and 18 ℃ respectively. Plants of the strawberry cultivar 'Aromas' were used that had previously been grown in a sterilised (95 ℃ water/steam, 40 min) substrate of coconut fibre/perlite (1:3 v/v) under greenhouse conditions. Before the experiment was established, the absence of AMF in the roots was verified by the ink and vinegar technique, modifying the duration of immersion in KOH and ink/vinegar solution (7 and 5 min respectively). Before planting, roots were disinfected by submerging them for 20 s in 20 g/L sodium hypochlorite solution and rinsing them in water. The inoculum was prepared with spores of Glomus intraradices cultivated in liquid medium (3.5 × 106 spores/L, 90% viability; Premier Tech Biotechnologies Company, Quebec, Canada), which was diluted with fitagel (Sigma P-8169, Saint Louis, MO, USA) solution at 50 g/L to obtain a final concentration of about 5 × 104 spores/L. The viability of spores was determined according to the method of An and Hendrix. Eighteen days after setting up the experiment, each plant received 2 mL of inoculum applied directly to the recently formed roots. One month later, after staining, the percentage of root colonisation was determined by the gridline intersect method. The experiment was organised as a full factorial, completely randomised design with two factors: inoculation (two levels: mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants) and N concentration in the nutrient solution (three levels: 3, 6 and 18 mmol/L). The six treatments were replicated four times, producing 24 experimental units with ten plants each. Every second day, all plants were irrigated up to substrate saturation. Nitrogen was supplied as NO and the cation/anion ratio was kept constant by varying the concentration of SO. When N was below 18 mmol/L, the cation concentrations were maintained as follows: K+, 3; Ca2+, 3.5; Mg2+, 1.5 mmol/L. They were increased in the 18 mmol/L N treatment: K+, 6.5; Ca2+, 7.5; Mg2+, 3.25 mmol/L. In all nutrient solutions the concentration of phosphorus (P) was 0.3 mmol/L. The other nutrients in the solutions were: H3BO3, 20; CuSO4. 5H2O, 0.5; Fe-EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron (III) sodium salt), 15; MnSO4.H2O, 12; (NH4)6Mo7O24 . 4H2O, 0.05; ZnSO4 . 7H2O, 3 µmol/L. The pH was adjusted to 5.5 at every application date.
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| Factor Function |
Mycorrhization did not modify the weight, diameter or length of strawberry fruits but had a negative effect on most colour parameters. Moreover, fruits of mycorrhizal plants had higher K and Cu concentrations and showed greater accumulation of most phenolic compounds.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.248 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.275 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.28 g/kg dry matter
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Glomus intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.287 g/kg dry matter
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Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.249 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.258 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 3 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.238 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.314 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 6 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.236 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18 + G. intraradices inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.288 g/kg dry matter
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Nitrogen concentration (mmol/L): 18 + Non-AMF inoculation
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Mature fruits | Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico |
NP Content: 0.272 g/kg dry matter
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| Species Name: Gynostemma pentaphyllum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Heat Stress Treatment; CO2 Treatment | [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The air temperature was controlled at 23/18 ℃ or 28/23 ℃ (day/night). Whilst the CO2 concentration was maintained at 360 or 720 µmol/mol. The temperature and CO2 treatments were randomly assigned in each of the four groups. One G. pentaphyllum plant (5-foliolate) was obtained from Beishan of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province and then planted in Zhejiang Normal University of botany experimental garden. Reproduction of new plants was used by cutting propagation. After 5 years we obtained sufficient plant material for this study. The seedlings were planted in a temperature-controlled greenhouse (24 ℃) from October to December (2014). Prior to treatment in a growth chamber, healthy plants were transplanted into pots (18 cm × 16 cm). The pots were filled with 3 kg of red soil combined with organic fertilizer of peat (19:1, w/w; total of organic matter content is approximately 60 g/kg). 50 plants were moved to each growth chamber. All plants were watered sparingly twice a week with 100 mL of modified Hoagland nutrient solution. The plant samples were evaluated at 60 days after treatment.
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| Factor Function |
Elevated CO2 increased the level of total sugars and gypenoside A, but decreased the total antioxidant capacity and main antioxidant compounds in different organs of G. pentaphyllum. Also, TP content at CT was lower than C. Similarly, TP content of leaves significantly decreased at T compared to CK, with a drop of 25.65%. Furthermore, high temperature and elevated CO2 level significantly decreased the TP contents of leaves and stems. These results suggest that elevated CO2 and increased temperature does not favor accumulation of phenolics in G. pentaphyllum organs.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Stem: Elevated CO2 (23/18 ℃, 720 µmol/mol CO2)
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Stem | Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, China |
NP Content: 50.79 mg/g dry weight
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Inflorescence: Elevated CO2 (23/18 ℃, 720 µmol/mol CO2)
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Inflorescence | Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, China |
NP Content: 0.24 mg/g dry weight
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Stem: Elevated temperature (28/23 ℃, 360 µmol/mol CO2)
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Stem | Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, China |
NP Content: 12.79 mg/g dry weight
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Inflorescence: Elevated temperature (28/23 ℃, 360 µmol/mol CO2)
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Inflorescence | Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, China |
NP Content: 51.19 mg/g dry weight
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Stem: Elevated temperature and CO2 (28/23 ℃, 720 µmol/mol CO2)
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Stem | Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, China |
NP Content: 0.11 mg/g dry weight
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Inflorescence: Elevated temperature and CO2 (28/23 ℃, 720 µmol/mol CO2)
|
Inflorescence | Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, China |
NP Content: 35.99 mg/g dry weight
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| Species Name: Lentil var. Tina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: H2O2 Treatment; Mannitol Treatment; NaCl Treatment; High Temperature Treatment; Low Temperature Treatment | [7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Seeds were sterilized in 1% (v/v) sodium hypochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 10 min, then drained and washed with distilled water until they reached neutral pH. They were placed in distilled water and soaked for 6 h at 25 ℃ . Seeds were dark germinated for 8 days in a growth chamber (SANYO MLR-350H) on Petri dishes (125 mm) lined with absorbent paper. Seedlings were watered with 5 ml of Milli-Q water daily. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ . For each treatment, three replicates were performed.Elicitation conditions were selected in previous screening studies. For the experiments, temperature (4 ℃ and 40 ℃ - TC and TH, respectively), H2O2 (20 mM and 200 mM - Ox1 and Ox2, respectively), mannitol (200 mM and 600 mM - Os1 and Os2, respectively) and NaCl (100 mM and 300 mM - S-Os1 and S-Os2, respectively) were selected as abiotic elicitors. All solutions were freshly prepared before each application. Mannitol (Os1, Os2), NaCl (S-O1, S-O2) and H2O2 (Ox1) treatments were applied by watering daily (not soaking) 2-day-old sprouts with 5 ml of test solution. For Ox2 (200 mM H2O2) treatment 2-day-old seedlings were only once watered with 5 ml of 200 mM H2O2 and then cultivated under standard conditions. For temperature conditioning treatment, 2-day-old sprouts were incubated at 4 ℃ and 40 ℃ (TC and TH, respectively) for 1 h and then cultivated under standard conditions. Sprout (8-day-old) samples were gently collected, weighed (fresh mass), rapidly frozen and kept in polyethylene bags at -20 ℃ .
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| Factor Function |
Application of abiotic elicitors (environmental shocks) was an effective method for improvement of sprout pro-health potential via an increase of phenolic contents and subsequent elevation of antioxidant potential. Innovative application of elicitors on 2-day-old sprouts (not seed) allowed the elimination of the unfavorable influence of the factors employed on germination yield and biomass production. Assuming that the optimal germination conditions are those which most effectively increase the antioxidant potential without any negative influence on biomass accumulation and nutritional quality the elicitation with 20 mM H2O2 for the future applications is recommended.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Normal condition
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.00416 ± 0.0002 mg/g flour
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Induction with 20 mM H2O2
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.00387 ± 0.0001 mg/g flour
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Induction with 200 mM H2O2
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.0014 ± 0.0002 mg/g flour
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Induction with 200 mM mannitol
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.00965 ± 0.0015 mg/g flour
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Induction with 600 mM mannitol
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.01117 ± 0.0001 mg/g flour
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Induction with 100 mM NaCl
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.00433 ± 0.0004 mg/g flour
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Induction with 300 mM NaCl
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.0028 ± 0.0002 mg/g flour
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Induction at 4 ℃
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.00124 ± 0 mg/g flour
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Induction at 40 ℃
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Sprouts | NA |
NP Content: 0.00354 ± 0.0006 mg/g flour
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| Species Name: Rubus idaeus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Organic Fertilization; Traditional Fertilization | [8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
The experiment was carried out in 2013. Leaves of five raspberry cultivars ('Polana', 'Polka', 'Tulameen', 'Laszka' and 'Glen Ample') were collected at the time of cultivation. Three organic and neighborhood conventional farms were used for experimental purposes. From one cultivar (one field plot), 3-4 plants were chosen, which were analyzed separately. One sample consisted of 10 leaves. The farm was treated as a replication. [organic farm no. 1 Localization: akroczym(52° 26″ N 20° 36″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and IVb category (15% floatable particles) pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 35 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Grevit 200 SL; organic farm no. 2 Localization: Zaluski (52° 37″ N 20° 22″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil, sandy-clay IV category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer:cow manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 30 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: no protection; organic farm no. 3 Localization: Radzanow(51° 33″ N 20° 51″ E), Type of Soil: sandy middle soil IVa and III category (10% floatable particles), pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:sheep manure, green manure, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha one year before raspberry planting, Plant Protection System: Bioczos 33 SL, Grevit 200 SL; conventional farm no. 1 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (20% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: Hydrocomplex 12-11-18; Superba 8-11-36, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: (200 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha) in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Signum 33 WG, Miros 20 SP; conventional farm no. 2 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla (52° 23″ N 20° 20″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-loamy middle soil IV and III category (25% floatable particles), pH 5.5, Kind of Fertilizer: amonium nitrate, polyphosphate, magnesium sulphate, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 3 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG; conventional farm no. 3 Localization: Czerwinsk nad Wisla(52° 25″ N 20° 23″ E), Type of Soil: sandy-clay middle soil II and III category (20% floatable particles) pH 6.0, Kind of Fertilizer:Rosafert 5-12-24-3, Dose of Fertilizers and Time of Given: 250 kg/ha in autumn a year before raspberry planting; 4 doses in time of cultivation, Plant Protection System: Calypso 480 SC, Miros 20 SP, Zato 50 WG].
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| Factor Function |
Compared with conventional raspberry leaves, organic raspberry leaves were characterized by a significantly higher content of dry matter, total polyphenols, total phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside; moreover, the organic leaves were characterized by higher antioxidant activity. Among examined cultivars, 'Polka' c. was characterized by the highest antioxidant status. However, raspberry leaves from conventional farms contained more total carotenoids, violaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, total chlorophyll and individual forms of chlorophylls: a and b.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cultivation System: organic farm
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 18.59 ± 1.12 mg/100g fresh weight
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Cultivation System: conventional farm
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 16.84 ± 2.78 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Polana
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 40.59 ± 2.21 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Polka
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 11.23 ± 0.34 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Tulameen
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 8.25 ± 1.90 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Laszka
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 22.74 ± 3.00 mg/100g fresh weight
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Rubus idaeus cv. Glen Ample
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Leaves | Poland |
NP Content: 8.56 ± 1.38 mg/100g fresh weight
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| Species Name: Saponaria officinalis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factor Name: Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Treatment | [9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experiment Detail |
Different concentrations of TiO2 NPs (0, 10, 20, 30, and 50) were prepared for hairy root treatments. 0.5 g of .S. officinalis hairy roots were transferred to 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 15 mL of liquid MS culture medium with three replicates. Then, they were placed in an incubator shaker at 110 rpm and 25 ℃ in dark conditions. On the 22nd day, the liquid MS culture media containing different concentrations of nano titanium dioxide was added to Erlenmeyer flasks. 24 and 48 h after treatment, the hairy roots were taken out and transferred to the MS culture medium lacking elicitor.
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| Factor Function |
The highest rate of total phenol (9.79 mg GLA/g FW) and total flavonoid contents (1.06 mg QE/g FW) were obtained in the treated hairy roots with 50 and 30 mg/L of nano elicitor in 24 and 48 h of treatments, respectively. The maximum level of most polyphenols, such as rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid, and rutin, was produced in 24 h of treatment. The use of TiO2 NP for 48 h with 50 mg/L concentration showed the highest production level of SO6 protein.
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| Factor | Part | Location | NP Content | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 0 + Exposure time: 24h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 16.96 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 25 + Exposure time: 24h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 11.39 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 50 + Exposure time: 24h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 17.25 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 100 + Exposure time: 24h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 14.66 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 200 + Exposure time: 24h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 12.17 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 0 + Exposure time: 48h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 16.96 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 25 + Exposure time: 48h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 11.39 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 50 + Exposure time: 48h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 19.13 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 100 + Exposure time: 48h
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hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 17.03 mg/kg fresh weight
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Nano-TiO2 concentration (mg/L): 200 + Exposure time: 48h
|
hairy roots | NA |
NP Content: 13.87 mg/kg fresh weight
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