Details of Natural Product (NP)

General Information of Natural Product (ID: NP0026)
  Natural Product Name
Geranyl Acetate
  Synonyms
GERANYL ACETATE; 105-87-3; Geraniol acetate; Acetic acid, geraniol ester; Bay pine (oyster) oil; Geranyl ethanoate; Geranyl acetate A; Acetic acid, geranyl ester; [(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl] acetate; beta-Geranyl Acetate; trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl acetate; trans-Geraniol acetate; Meraneine; NCI-C54728; UNII-3W81YG7P9R; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl acetate; trans-geranyl acetate; CHEBI:5331; NSC 2584; (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate; trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-yl ethanoate; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (E)-; 16409-44-2; 2,6-Dimethyl-2,6-octadiene-8-yl acetate; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, 1-acetate, (2E)-; 3W81YG7P9R; 3,7-Dimethyl-2-trans, 6-octadienyl acetate; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate; (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate; trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol, acetate; 3,7-Dimethyloctyl acetate, tetradehydro derivative; MFCD00015037; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, trans-; 1-Octanol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, tetradehydro deriv.; 3,7-Dimethyl-2E,6-octadienyl acetate; Geranyl acetate, cis-; 1-Octanol, 3,7-dimethyl-, 1-acetate, tetradehydro deriv.; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ylacetate; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate; DSSTox_CID_654; trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl acetate; (E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl acetate; DSSTox_RID_75714; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, 1-acetate; DSSTox_GSID_20654; Trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl ethanoate; NERYLACETATE; Nerol acetate (6CI); CAS-105-87-3; 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate; trans-3,7- dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate; FEMA Number 2509; Geranyl acetate (natural); geranylacetat; CCRIS 877; FEMA No. 2509; HSDB 586; 68311-13-7; Acetic acid geranyl; EINECS 203-341-5; EINECS 269-749-0; Geranyl Acetate 60; Geranyl acetate, FCC; BRN 1722815; Geranyl Acetate 98; (2E)-geranyl acetate; Geranyl Acetate, Extra; AI3-00207; 3, 6-octadienyl acetate; Acetic acid geraniol ester; Monoterpene Acetate mixture; EC 203-341-5; Geranyl acetate, >=97%; GERANYL ACETATE EXTRA; SCHEMBL56913; SCHEMBL56914; 4-02-00-00204 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); MLS002152904; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate,(E)-; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl ethanoate, trans-; Geranyl acetate, natural, FCC; CHEMBL1369384; DTXSID0020654; CHEBI:88568; FEMA 2509; NSC2584; HMS2268G10; HY-N7070; NSC-2584; trans-3,6-octadien-1-ol, acetate; ZINC1531610; Geranyl acetate, analytical standard; Tox21_202089; Tox21_300355; WLN: 1Y & U3YU2OV1-T; BDBM50037025; LMFA07010189; s5091; 2, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate,(E)-; 2, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, trans-; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl=acetate; AKOS015837938; 2, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (E)-; CCG-266559; CS-W015698; NCGC00091394-01; NCGC00091394-02; NCGC00091394-03; NCGC00091394-04; NCGC00254482-01; NCGC00259638-01; 33843-18-4; LS-14126; O310; SMR000127400; 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl acetate; (Z)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl acetate; (2E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl acetate; 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ylacetic acid; G0028; 3,7-Dimethyl-acetate(E)-2,6-Octadien-1-ol; (2E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl acetate #; 3,7-Dimethyl-acetate(2E)-2,6-Octadien-1-ol; 3,7-Dimethyl-acetate(2Z)-2,6-Octadien-1-ol; 3,7-Dimethyl-acetatetrans-2,6-Octadien-1-ol; C09861; cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl ethanoate; D70281; Geranyl acetate 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate; 3,7-Dimethyl-1-acetate(2E)-2,6-Octadien-1-ol; 3,7-Dimethyl-1-acetate(2Z)-2,6-Octadien-1-ol; Q426437; J-007463; W-108778; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl-, 1-acetate, (2E)-; acetic acid trans-3,7-dimethyl-oct-2,6-dien-1-yl ester; Geranyl acetate, primary pharmaceutical reference standard; Geranyl acetate, food grade (71% geranyl acetate, 29% citronellyl acetate); 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl acetate, mixture of isomers, >97.0% (sum of isomers, GC); 8022-83-1
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  Formula C12H20O2
  Weight 196.29
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure Download 2D Structure Download
  InChI InChI=1S/C12H20O2/c1-10(2)6-5-7-11(3)8-9-14-12(4)13/h6,8H,5,7,9H2,1-4H3/b11-8+
  InChI Key HIGQPQRQIQDZMP-DHZHZOJOSA-N
  Isomeric SMILES CC(=CCC/C(=C/COC(=O)C)/C)C
  Canonical SMILES CC(=CCCC(=CCOC(=O)C)C)C
  External Links PubChem ID 1549026
CAS ID 105-87-3
NPASS ID NPC47946
CHEMBL ID CHEMBL1369384
  NP Activity Charts   Click to show/hide
  Activity Info  

 The Content Variation of Natural Product Induced by Different Factor(s)
      Species Name: Artemisia absinthium
  Factor Name: Chemotype Comparison [1]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Ten different plants of wormwood were collected in March 1997 from each one of the following four wild populations in the Spanish Pyrenees: Tallo de Aulet (prov. Huesca) and Pont de Suert, Sort and Farga de Moles (prov. Lleida). In three of the four populations studied, there was another chemotype, with 25-65% of cis-epoxyocimene and 15-50% of chrysanthenyl acetate. This chemotype, called chemotype B, was less frequent in the Pyrenees than the chemotype A, appearing only in 17% of the samples (two samples in TallO de Aulet and in Pont de Suert and three samples in Farga de Moles).
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               Factor Function
Two chemotypes were detected; a cis-epoxyocimene type (with more than 50% of this compound) which was predominant in all the populations, and a cis-epoxyocimene + chrysanthenyl acetate type (with 25-65% of cis-epoxyocimene and 15-50% of chrysanthenyl acetate). The distribution of these chemotypes had no relation with the altitude of the samples.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Chemotype (cis-epoxyocimene type)
 Leaves Spain
NP Content: <0.03 %
 
Chemotype (cis-epoxyocimene + chrysanthenyl acetate type)
 Leaves Spain
NP Content: 0.05 %
      Species Name: Artemisia campestris
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [2]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts (~20 cm, 15-100 g) of A. campestris L. from ten different wild populations of Lithuania were gathered at the full flowering stage. Plant material was dried at room temperature (20-25 ℃). Oils (samples 1-10) obtained from Artemisia campestris plants collected at sampling sites (A-I,Y) characterized by locality, city (c.) or district (d.), soil type (Or, ordo; Sn, sand; Sl, sandy loam; Gr, gravel; Lm, loam) and description of natural habitat (Af, abandoned field; Fe, forest edge; Ct, cutting area; Mw, meadow; Rs, roadside; Rv, river valley): A (1) Birstonas c. (Or, Ct); B (2) Palanga c. (Sn, Fe); C (3) Nociunai, Kedainai d. (Or, Mw); D (4) Alytus c. (Sl, Rs); E (5) Moletai c. (Lm, Af); F (6) Kaltanenai, Sencionys d. (Gr, Fe); G (7) Merkine, Alytus d. (Sl, Ct); H (8) Trakai c. (Gr, Af); I (9) Druskininkai c. (Or, Rv); Y (10) Vilnius c. (Gr, Af).
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               Factor Function
The main chemical profile (ten samples) was characterized by the predominance of germacrene D (9.8-31.2%), while spathulenol, humulene epoxide II and caryophyllene oxide were found as the first major compounds in another three oils. One oil was determined as a mixed chemotype. Some compounds such as gamma-curcumene, alpha-cadinol, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, beta-ylangene, beta-selinene and humulene epoxide II have been mentioned for the first time among three principal constituents in A. campestris oils. The fifty-six components made up 73.6.1-98.5% of the total content, while the remaining twenty-six volatile compounds were identified in insignificant amounts in the A. campestris essential oils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Birstonas city, Lithuania (soil type: ordo; natural habitat: cutting area)
 Aerial parts Lithuania
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Locality: Moletai city, Lithuania (soil type: loam; natural habitat: abandoned field)
 Aerial parts Lithuania
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Locality: Kaltanenai, Sencionys district, Lithuania (soil type: gravel; natural habitat: forest edge)
 Aerial parts Lithuania
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Locality: Vilnius city, Lithuania (soil type: gravel; natural habitat: abandoned field)
 Aerial parts Lithuania
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Artemisia ferganensis
  Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation [3]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The leaves of aerial parts were collected in Heshuo county of Xinjiang province in China in July 2003 (a vegetative stage), June 2003 (a budding stage); and August 2003 (a flowering stage), respectively.
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               Factor Function
Only 23 constituents were present at the budding stage, while 24 and 26 at the flowering and vegetative stages, respectively. p-Cymene and gamma-terpinene were not detected at the vegetative stage of the plant. During the budding stage, butyric, beta-caryophyllene, geranyl acetate and cis-jasmone could not be detected. Benzaldehyde was observed only at the vegetative stage. Variations were also observed in quantity. In all cases the analyzed oils were characterized by the high concentration of alpha-thujone, ranging in amount from 37.0% at the vegetative stage to 54.8% at the budding stage. The concentration of alpha-thujone at the flowering stage (49.0%) was lower than the budding stage, but higher than the vegetative stage. The concentration of cis-chrysanthenyl acetate varied between 23.5% and 7.2%, respectively, at the vegetative and budding stages. At the vegetative stage the concentration of 1,8-cineole was observed to be the lowest. It was highest at the budding stage, representing 10.4%, then decreased gradually to 8.8% at the flowering stage. The concentration of beta-thujone was relatively low at the vegetative stage, representing 8.6%, and then increased to 10.5% at the budding stage. When flowers appeared it was found to vary a little. Finally, the concentration of sabinyl acetate ranged from 10.2% (vegetative stage) to 6.5% (flowering stage).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Vegetative stage
 Leaves Heshuo, Xinjiang, China
NP Content: <0.10 %
 
Aerial part: Flowering stage
 Leaves Heshuo, Xinjiang, China
NP Content: 0.3 %
      Species Name: Baccharis spartioides
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [4]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of endemic pichana were harvested in December 1996 at different localities of northern Patagonia. Origin: Planicie Banderita, Dept. Confluencia, Province of NeuquCn. Habitat: altitude, 327 m; average temperature in the station, 21.8 ℃; annual precipitation, 125 mm; sandy soils. Aerial parts (5 kg, 2 kg of dried material;humidity, 11%) from four well developed plants at the fullflowering stage (December, 1996). Sample 2 : Origin: RincBn de 10s; Sauces, Dept. of Pehuenclies, Province of Neuqukn. Habitat: altitude, 750 m; average temperature in the station, 20.9 ℃; annual precipitation, 147 mm; sandy and gritty salty soils. Aerial parts (5 kg, 1.85 kg of dried material, humidity, 10%), from two well developed plants at the full flowering stage, and after several days copious rains (December, 1996). Sample 3: Origin: Coronel GBmez, Dept. General Roca, Province of Rio Negro. Habitat: altitude, 242 m; average temperature in the station, 22.5 ℃; annual precipitation, 179 mm; sandy and stony soils. Aerial parts (4.5 kg, 1.3 kg of dried material, humidity, 9%), from 12 young plants at the beginning flowering stage (December, 1996).
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               Factor Function
Fifty-four components, representing approximately 84.6-97.4% of the oil samples, were identified. The samples consisted mainly of hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes. The major constituents were limonene (28.7-56.7%), 6R-7R-bisabolone (3.2-9.1%), sabinene (0.1-11.0%) and citronellal (2.4-5.2%). Significant differences among the content of the three samples could be the result of changes in the climatic conditions (sample 2: Rincon de los Sauces, Province of Neuquen, after strong rains) or by translocations in different parts of the plant (sample 3: Coronel Gomez, Province of Rio Negro, more leaves and less stems).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Planicie Banderita, Province of Neuquen; Altitude 327 m
 Aerial parts Patagonia, Argentina
NP Content: 1.3 %
 
Locality: Rincon de los Sauces, Province of Neuquen; Altitude 750 m
 Aerial parts Patagonia, Argentina
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Locality: Coronel Gomez, Province of Rio Negro; Altitude 242 m
 Aerial parts Patagonia, Argentina
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Citrus aurantifolia
  Factor Name: Developmental Stage Variation [5]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Fresh mature lime fruits were harvested from experimental orchards of I.I.H.R., Bangalore at six ripening stages: Peel color; Dark Green, Light Green, Color Turning, 1/2 Yellow, 3/4th Yellow and Full Yellow.
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               Factor Function
The constituents of lime oil mainly belong to two categories: hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. The hydrocarbons were 85.4% of the peel oil isolated from full yellow fruits compared to 57.5% in green fruits. The most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbons, limonene and beta-pinene, showed gradual increase during ripening of lime fruit and they together accounted for 70.7% in full yellow fruits. Organoleptically important oxygenated compounds (neral, geranial, linalool and geraniol) were found to be rich in oil isolated from the peel of green fruits (29.7%); however, it decreased to 8.4% when color of the fruit turned to full yellow. Neral and geranial were found to be high in the peel oil of green fruits (7.8%) compared to full yellow fruits (2.5%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Fruit: Dark green stage
 Fruits (dark green) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 3 %
 
Fruit: Light green stage
 Fruits (light green) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 2 %
 
Fruit: Color turning stage
 Fruits (color turn) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Fruit: Half yellow stage
 Fruits (half yellow) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Fruit: 3/4th yellow stage
 Fruits (3/4th yellow) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Fruit: Full yellow stage
 Fruits (full yellow) Bangalore, India
NP Content: 0.6 %
      Species Name: Citrus sinensis (Hongjiang)
  Factor Name: Variety Comparison [6]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Four kinds of fresh sweet oranges were obtained in the same season, November 2000, in Guangzhou. Citrus sinensis var. Hongjiang (called 'hong jiang chen' in Chinese) and C. sinensis Osbeck var. Anliu (called 'luo gang chen') were obtained at an orchard in Luo gang in Guangzhou (25 km from the center of Guangzhou). Citrus sinensis var. Sihui (called 'sihui ju') was harvested at the Shigou Experimental Farm in Sihui City in Guangdong Province (75 km far away from Guangzhou). Citrus sinensis var. Washington navel (called 'qi chen') which was produced in Jiangxi Province (200 km from Guangzhou; bordering Guangdong Province), was purchased at the wholesale market in Guangzhou. All oranges were kept in a cold room until prepared a few days later.
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               Factor Function
The peel oil compositions of four kinds of sweet oranges in China, Citrus sinensis Osbeck var. Hongjian, C. sinensis Osbeck var. Anliu, C. sinensis Osbeck var. Sihui and C. sinensis Osbeck var. Washington navel, were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The essential oils were extracted by cold-pressing method. Forty-two to 53 compounds were quantitatively determined for each variety. Their percentages, respectively, were: > 97.3%, > 98.4%, > 97.5% and > 98.0% in hydrocarbons; > 1.5%, > 0.7%, > 0.8% and > 0.9% in total aldehydes; 0.8%, 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.5% in alcohols. Either cis-or trans-limonene oxide was detected in small amounts in each of the four samples, with Hongjiang containing both limonene oxides. delta-3-Carene was commonly quantified at a level of 0.1% in all the samples. The content of aliphatic aldehydes, including octanal, nonanal, decanal and dodecanal, exceeded that of terpene aldehydes, such as neral and geranial in Hongjiang (0.9%) and Washington navel (0.6%), whereas the aliphatic aldehydes in Anliu and Sihui were present to a lesser degree than the terpene aldehydes. Either alpha- or beta-sinensal was detected in trace amounts in each of the four samples. Linalool was the major alcohol in all the samples. Nootkatone was not detected.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Citrus sinensis var. Anliu
 Fruits China
NP Content: < 0.005 %
 
Citrus sinensis var. Hongjiang
 Fruits China
NP Content: < 0.005 %
 
Citrus sinensis var. Sihui
 Fruits China
NP Content: < 0.005 %
 
Citrus sinensis var. Washington navel
 Fruits China
NP Content: < 0.005 %
      Species Name: Coriandrum sativum
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [7]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Two samples (20 kg each) of mature coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits were used for this study. The first was purchased from a spice market of Korba in Tunisia (Tn), the second, from Canada (Can), was supplied by General Herboristerie Laboratory (Marseille, France).
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               Factor Function
The first from Tunisia (Tn) and the second from Canada (Can). The highest essential oil yield was observed for Can with 0.44% (w/w) and 0.37% (w/w) for Tn. Forty-five compounds were identified in the essential oils and the main compound of both samples was linalool. The total phenol contents varied between two coriander fruit samples; Can sample presented high polyphenol contents (15.16 mg GAE/g) compared with Tn one (12.10 mg GAE/g). Significant differences were also found in total tannin contents among representing 0.7 mg GAE/g in Can and 0.34 mg GAE/g in Tn. The highest contents of total flavonoids were observed in Can sample with 13.2 mg CE/g.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Canada
 Fruits Canada
NP Content: 2.9 %
 
Locality: Korba, Tunisia
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 1.8 %
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [8]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Fruits of coriander of commercial crops from Viamonte (Province of Cordoba), Argentina were compared with three Russian oils imported by the Argentinian fragrance and flavor industry.
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               Factor Function
Twenty components were identified which accounted for 96.6-99-7% of the total oils composition. The main constituents were linalool (68.9-83-7%), gamma-terpinene (2,2-5.1%), camphor (3.2-4.8%), alpha-pinene (1.0-6.5%), geraniol (1.4-3.2%) and geranyl acetate (0.8-3.8%). The contents of cis- and trans-linalool oxide (0.1-0.4%) were low.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Russia
 Fruits Russia
NP Content: 2.4 %
 
Locality: Viamonte, Province of Cordoba, Argentina
 Fruits Argentina
NP Content: 1.3 %
      Species Name: Cymbopogon martinii
  Factor Name: Ethyl methane sulfonate Treatment; Ethyleneimine Treatment; Gamma ray Treatment; Cultivar Comparison [9]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The materials (dry palmarosa seeds with 12% moisture content of four cultivars 'Tripta', 'Trishna', 'PRC' and 'MP') and methods of gamma rays (15 Kr, 60CO source with dose rate 0.38 Mrads\h) and chemicals ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS - 0.4%) and ethyleneimine (EI-0.04%) induced mutagenesis. The seed of the four varieties had already been selfed for 4-5 flowering seasons before mutagenesis to maintain genetic homogeneity (or purity) and thereafter all the selected M1 generation suspected mutant plants were individually selfed by bagging to give rise to controlled M2 plant to progeny segregants for further selection. Oil content was estimated on freshly harvested herbage (stems, leaves and inflorescence) using a Clevenger-type apparatus.
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               Factor Function
The oil content was increased in all the 20 mutants as compared to their respective contols. Most M2 generation mutants were found to exhibit a straight relationship between high herbage (stem, leaves and inflorescence) yield, oil content (%) and oil quality in terms of major and trace constituents of the oil. Six mutants specifically were endowed with the desirable rosy note which remained predominant in the samples of Trishna-gamma-5, MP-gamma-13, Tripta-gamma-8, Tripta-Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-19, Tripta-EMS-21 and PRC-Ethyleneimine (EI)-44. The fresh herbage and oil yield and odor criteria, i.e., rosy note were satisified by the three best mutants, viz., Trishna-gamma-5, MP-gamma-13 and Tripta-gamma-19. The results have been interpreted in the sense that induction of mutations brings about gene level changes from dominance to recessive and vice versa in morpho-economic traits having quantitative trait loci (QTL) under polygenic genetic control.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Cymbopogon martinii cv. MP (Control)
 Herbages India
NP Content: 2.55 %
 
Mutant 31: C. martinii cv. MP induced by ethyl methane sulfonate
 Herbages India
NP Content: 20.31 %
 
Mutant 31: C. martinii cv. MP induced by ethyl methane sulfonate
 Herbages India
NP Content: 38.04 %
 
Mutant 13: C. martinii cv. MP induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 8.93 %
 
Cymbopogon martinii cv. PRC (Control)
 Herbages India
NP Content: 2.31 %
 
Mutant 43: C. martinii cv. PRC induced by ethyleneimine
 Herbages India
NP Content: 10.82 %
 
Mutant 44: C. martinii cv. PRC induced by ethyleneimine
 Herbages India
NP Content: 10.19 %
 
Mutant 45: C. martinii cv. PRC induced by ethyleneimine
 Herbages India
NP Content: 14.18 %
 
Mutant 48: C. martinii cv. PRC induced by ethyleneimine
 Herbages India
NP Content: 15.6 %
 
Mutant 9: C. martinii cv. PRC induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 6.36 %
 
Mutant 10: C. martinii cv. PRC induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 17.57 %
 
Mutant 12: C. martinii cv. PRC induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 18.93 %
 
Cymbopogon martinii cv. Tripta (Control)
 Herbages India
NP Content: 1.89 %
 
Mutant 18: C. martinii cv. Tripta induced by ethyl methane sulfonate
 Herbages India
NP Content: 9.34 %
 
Mutant 19: C. martinii cv. Tripta induced by ethyl methane sulfonate
 Herbages India
NP Content: 9.65 %
 
Mutant 20: C. martinii cv. Tripta induced by ethyl methane sulfonate
 Herbages India
NP Content: 25.16 %
 
Mutant 21: C. martinii cv. Tripta induced by ethyl methane sulfonate
 Herbages India
NP Content: 13.29 %
 
Mutant 1: C. martinii cv. Trishna induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 9.99 %
 
Mutant 2: C. martinii cv. Trishna induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 22.02 %
 
Cymbopogon martinii cv. Trishna (Control)
 Herbages India
NP Content: 3.55 %
 
Mutant 41: C. martinii cv. Trishna induced by ethyleneimine
 Herbages India
NP Content: 16.29 %
 
Mutant 5: C. martinii cv. Trishna induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 12.71 %
 
Mutant 6: C. martinii cv. Trishna induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 5.5 %
 
Mutant 8: C. martinii cv. Trishna induced by gamma rays
 Herbages India
NP Content: 20.85 %
      Species Name: Cymbopogon nardus
  Factor Name: Gamma ray Treatment [10]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Dormant vegetative slips of a single clone of Jamrosa of same age and size were subjected to various doses of gamma-ray treatment, doses ranging from 3-10 kR in three replications. Radiation source was gamma cell operating at dose rate of 2.0 R/minute. The irradiated clones along with the parental clones were planted in the experimental fields. Plants raised from irradiated plants were very carefully screened through visual and chemical analysis and were individually harvested.
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               Factor Function
Examination of the data reveals that highest oil yield per hectare was obtained from variant RL-931 giving a 33% increase in the oil yield over the parent close. This variant clone (RL-931) also had the desired reduction of the neral/geranial content in its oil coupled with increase in total alcohol content calculated as geraniol and geranyl acetate in the oil. Mutant RL-921 had a significantly higher percentage of geranyl acetate content in its oil compared to its control parental clone. Among the five mutant clones, the lowest neral/geranial content was found in clone RI-924, however, it also had reduced level of geraniol and geranyl acetate.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Mutant clone RL-82 (Parental): subjected to gamma-ray treatment
 Whole plant India
NP Content: 43.3 %
 
Mutant clone RL-921: subjected to gamma-ray treatment
 Whole plant India
NP Content: 56.2 %
 
Mutant clone RL-922: subjected to gamma-ray treatment
 Whole plant India
NP Content: 29.4 %
 
Mutant clone RL-923: subjected to gamma-ray treatment
 Whole plant India
NP Content: 46.1 %
 
Mutant clone RL-924: subjected to gamma-ray treatment
 Whole plant India
NP Content: 30.3 %
 
Mutant clone RL-931: subjected to gamma-ray treatment
 Whole plant India
NP Content: 41.8 %
      Species Name: Cymbopogon winterianus
  Factor Name: Pest Infestation [11]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
General plantation of citronella cv. Java 2 was maintained following recommended agricultural practices at the Experimental Farm of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Field Station, Hyderabad, India. The experimental station has a semi-arid tropical climate. The experiment was conducted in the same plantation for 2 consecutive years during the summer month of June 1996 and 1997, when the incidence of the disease was higher. In each year, 12 each of healthy and diseased plants were selected at random and harvested. The occurrence of the disease is generally observed during the hot summer season months, when the temperatures are in the range 36-43 ℃. Initial symptoms of the pest attack appear as yellow specks or blotches, mostly along leaf margins, that in later stages develop into yellow streaks running along the length of the affected leaves. Emerging young leaves are pale green to yellow coloured, twisted, crinkled, developed into whip-like structures and in severe cases of infection fail to open. Even if they do open, these leaves fail to exhibit a smooth leaf surface. Severely affected older leaves turn brown, dry and die. The overall growth and development of the infected plant is severely affected, giving it a dwarfed and unhealthy appearance.
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               Factor Function
The essential oil examined by GC and GC-MS from cultivated healthy plants contained citronellal (28.4%), geraniol (24.8%), citronellol (11.8%) and elemol (10.2%). The major components from diseased plants were geraniol (19.0-25.5%), elemol (15.3-20.4%), citronellal (13.4-19.1%) and citronellol (12.9-15.1%). Caryophyllene oxide (3.5-6.0%) was an important minor component.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Healthy leaves of healthy plant
 Leaves Hyderabad, India
NP Content: 4.7 %
 
Healthy leaves of diseased plant (Yellowing and crinkling disease)
 Leaves Hyderabad, India
NP Content: 2.5 %
 
Crinkled, whip like leaves of diseased plant (Yellowing and crinkling disease)
 Leaves Hyderabad, India
NP Content: 3.2 %
 
Dead leaves of diseased plant (Yellowing and crinkling disease)
 Leaves Hyderabad, India
NP Content: 1.4 %
 
Semi-diseased leaves of diseased plant (Yellowing and crinkling disease)
 Leaves Hyderabad, India
NP Content: 2.4 %
      Species Name: Ducrosia anethifolia
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [12]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. were collected in the wild from Mehdi Abad (Kerman province, in southern Iran) at the flowering stage in June 2006. The material was dried at room temperature.
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               Factor Function
The 63 components of this interesting plant were identified in the oil of D. anethifolia, representing 94.0% of the oil. alpha-Pinene (11.6%), terpinolene(3.2%) and (z)-beta-ocimene (2.8%) were the main hydrocarbon components present in the oil, while decanal (54.0%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate(3.2%) and decanoic acid (1.3%) were the major oxygen-containing constituents.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Karaj, Iran
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Locality: Kerman, Iran
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.3 %
      Species Name: Ducrosia assadii
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [13]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of D. assadii Alava. were collected in the wild from Lalehzar (Kerman Province, in southern Iran) at the flowering stage, in July 2007. The material was dried at room temperature and used for distillation. Distillation: A direct-fired field distillation unit containing a distillation tank (capacity: 1,000 L), a condensation column and receiver, all made of stainless steel, and which can process 30-50 kg of dried aerial parts from the plants/batch, was installed at an altitude of 2600 m (boiling point: 87 ℃). Dried aerial parts from the plants (40 kg) were charged into the distillation unit along with 500 L fresh water and the unit was heated by steam. The system was kept open to atmospheric pressure until the temperature reached to 70 ℃, when the air present in the unit was replaced by the vapor. After complete removal of air from the unit, the air vent was closed and the whole unit was operated as a closed system under pressure to distill the oil. The pressure, temperature and rate of distillation were controlled manually. The process was completed after the collection of 500 L of water distillate. The oil collected in the receiver and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Extraction of Ducrosia Second Oil From Ducrosia Water by Redistillation: The seprated distillate water collected in the receiver was redistilled in a 1,000 L still to yield more Doucrosia oil (this oil is known as secondary essential oil, second oil, cooked oil or indirect oil).
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               Factor Function
Fifty components were identified in a second oil of D. assadii from Lalehzar with decanal (35.2%), nonadecane (12%) and citronellyl acetate (11.6%) as the main constituents. The oil from Dehbakrii also contained decanal (36.4%) as the main component of an oil recovered from the distillate water. The results showed that the amount of decanal is remarkably high in the oils of D. assadii.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Lalehzar, Kerman Province, southern Iran
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
      Species Name: Eucalyptus urophylla
  Factor Name: Seasonal Variation [14]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Eucalyptus urophylla and E. grandis were collected in January (summer) and August (winter) 2006 at the mature vegetative state from Goiania city Brazil, and identified by one of the authors (E.P.F.). Leaves from 5-11 randomized individual plants of the same age representing the local population were collected as homogenous samples in each season, dried at room temperature.
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               Factor Function
The results were submitted to Principal Components and Clusters Analysis which enabled four groups of oils to be distinguished with regard to specimens and harvest seasons: clusters I and II with only E. grandis samples collected in the cold and dry winter and the hot and humid summer, which were characterized by a high percentage of isoleptospermone (9.6% and 13.2%), alpha-pinene (12.2% and 24.7%), p-cymene (20.5% and 14.5%), and alpha-terpineol (14.3% and 4.9%), respectively; clusters III and IV only associated with E. urophylla samples collected in summer and winter with 1,8-cineole (36.6% and 44.7%) and alpha-terpinyl acetate (7.0% and 11.7%) rich oils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: Summer
 Whole plant Brazil
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Harvesting time: Winter
 Whole plant Brazil
NP Content: 0.3 %
      Species Name: Melampodium camphoratum
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [15]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of M. camphoratum were collected at Manaus, Amazonas (type A) and Vigia, Para, (type B).
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               Factor Function
The plants were collected from two different localities in the Amazon Region and their oils were found to be remarkably different. One oil obtained from the sample collected at Manaus was characterized by a high content of terpinolene (30.3%), limonene (13.8%) and delta-3-carene (13.2%). The main constituents found in the other oil distilled from a sample collected at Vigia were camphor (15.0%), alpha-phellandrene (20.5%) and beta-caryophyllene (8.9%)
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
 Aerial parts Brazil
NP Content: 3.7 %
      Species Name: Mentha spicata
  Factor Name: Month Variation [16]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Plant material: Leaves of M. spicata plants were collected from a wild population of Mt. Pangeon (alt. 600 m, 40° 55′ N/ 24° 12′ E). Collections were conducted every month during the growing period (April to October).
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               Factor Function
The oil content ranged from 0.1-1.8%, with the maximum values in late summer/early autumn. The essential oil obtained from the leaves was characterized by a very high content in linalool, i.e. 85.0-93.9% of the total oil (highest percentage in mid-autumn). Other oil constituents occurring in much lower amounts were germacrene D (up to 4.2%), beta-caryophyllene (up to 2.6%) and 1,8-cineole (up to 2.1%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: May
 Leaves Greece
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Harvesting time: June
 Leaves Greece
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Harvesting time: August
 Leaves Greece
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Harvesting time: September
 Leaves Greece
NP Content: <0.05 %
      Species Name: Micromeria biflora
  Factor Name: Seasonal Variation [17]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The aerial parts of M. biflora collected during November 1993 and June 1994 were used for the investigation.
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               Factor Function
The major constituents of the oil were neral (25.3-32.2%) and geranial (26.7-41.3%). The oil produced in the winter was found to contain higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes than the oil produced in the summer.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: Summer
 Aerial parts South India
NP Content: 1.56 %
 
Harvesting time: Winter
Aerial parts South India
NP Content: 0.85 %
      Species Name: Myrtus communis var. italica
  Factor Name: Month Variation [18]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Myrtle (M. communis var. italica) aerial parts were collected monthly during 2006-2007 from Jbal Stara of Haouaria region in North Tunisia, belonging to a subhumid bioclimate.
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               Factor Function
In conclusion, high fluctuations were observed in the oil yields and composition of different parts of Myrtus communis var. italica during all the collecting periods. They could be explained by genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, significant differences were revealed in the main oil compounds. alpha-Pinene percentages showed the most remarkable changes among the different part oils. So, leaf oils contained more alpha-pinene than those of the fruits and stems during the myrtle vegetative cycle.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: January)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 0.5 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: February)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: March)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 0.8 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: April)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 1.6 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: May)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 1.8 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: June)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 1.8 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: July)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 1.3 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: August)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 1 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: September)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 1.1 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: October)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 2.2 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: November)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 2.8 %
 
Leaf: (Harvesting time: December)
 Leaves Tunisia
NP Content: 1.6 %
 
Fruit: (Harvesting time: January)
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 2.1 %
 
Fruit: (Harvesting time: August)
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 20.5 %
 
Fruit: (Harvesting time: September)
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 1.8 %
 
Fruit: (Harvesting time: October)
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 7 %
 
Fruit: (Harvesting time: November)
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 10.9 %
 
Fruit: (Harvesting time: December)
 Fruits Tunisia
NP Content: 6.5 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: January)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.9 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: February)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: March)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.8 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: April)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 1.7 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: May)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 2.5 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: June)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: July)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: August)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 3.3 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: September)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 2.5 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: October)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: November)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Stem: (Harvesting time: December)
 Stems Tunisia
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Ocimum basilicum
  Factor Name: Variety Comparison [19]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens Benth, Ocimum basilicum var. dianatnejadii Salimi at flowering stage were collected from plants grown in Experimental Station of Pykan Shahr, near Tehran. Elevation 1215 m above sea level, latitude 35° 42′ North, 51° 8′ East, average humidity 36% and climatic category semi-arid.
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               Factor Function
Methyl chavicol (43.0%) and linalool (28.9%) were identified as the major compounds in the oil of O. basilicum var. purpurascens, while methyl chavicol (37.6%), linalool (33.4%) and alpha-cadinol (5.7%) were the major constituents in the oil of O. basilicum var. dianatnejadii.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Ocimum basilicum var. dianatnejadii Salimi
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens Benth
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 0.2 %
  Factor Name: Drought Stress Treatment [20]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Seeds of Ocimum basilicum cv. keskenylevelu provided from Hungary, were used in this study. Potted seedlings of Ocimum basilicum were subjected to study the effect of different irrigation rigimes on the essential oil content and composition at experimental farm of college of agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres, University, located in Tehran. (1215 m above sea level, latitude 35° 43′ north, altitude 51° 8′ east). The seeds were sown in spring of 2001 in pots. The irrigation regimes to induce of water stress were: 100%, 85%, 70% and 55% of field capacity. This percentage of field capacity kept constant in the soil by daily weighting of pots. The soil was sandy-loam with 22.6% of field capacity. The harvest of whole plants was performed at the beginning of the flowering stage.
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               Factor Function
The essential oil content of herb increased from 1.12 to 1.26% as plant water deficit increased (till 70% of field capacity). The number of component of the oil of Ocimum basilicum increased as water stress increase. Amount of the main constituents of the oil such as linalool, methyl chavicol, 1,8-cineole and trans alpha-bergamotene significantly affected by water stress.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
100% Field Irrigation (Control)
 Whole plant Mali
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
55% Field Irrigation
 Whole plant Mali
NP Content: 0.5 %
      Species Name: Ocimum basilicum 'Fino Verde'
  Factor Name: Harvest Time Variation; High Temperature Treatment [21]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was separated in two experiments performed in our research station Campus Rural of The Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao city, Sergipe State, from December 03, 2002 to April 28, 2003. First harvesting: The first harvesting (Experiment 1) was performed 40 days after seedlings transplantation during full bloom on 03/06/2003. Harvesting was performed cutting plants at 20 cm height from the soil. The collected material consisted on separating leaves and inflorescences from the stalk. In the first experiment only used leaves in the analysis. Randomized block design in a 3x4 factorial scheme with three replications was used. Each plot was composed of five plants. Treatments were: three harvesting periods (8:00; 12:00, and 16:00 h) combined with three drying temperatures (40, 50, and 60 ℃) and fresh leaves. Second harvesting: To perform the second harvesting (Experiment 2) we collected the regrowth of plants used in Experiment 1. Plants were harvested fifty three days after the first harvesting (on 04/28/2003) at 8:00 h using the same procedures as the first one; however both leaves and infl orescences were used in the analysis. Randomized block design with three replications was used. Treatments were drying periods of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 16 days for leaves and infl orescences in ovens with air renewal and circulation (Marconi model MA-037/5) at 40 ℃.
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               Factor Function
Harvesting performed at 8:00 h and 12:00 h provided higher essential oil yield. After five days drying, the concentration of linalool raised from 45.18% to 86.80%. O. basilicum should be harvested during morning and the biomass dried at 40 ℃ for five days to obtain linalool rich essential oil.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Dry Leaf: (Harvesting time: 12:00 h) + (Drying temperature: 50 ℃)
 Leaves Brazil
NP Content: 0.7 %
      Species Name: Pelargonium graveolens L'Her.
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [22]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
One-month-old rooted stem cuttings of three rosescented geranium cultivars, namely Bourbon type, CIM-Pawan and Kelkar were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm plant spacing in the experimental field of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center Purara, Uttarakhand, in October 2007. Plants were irrigated immediately after transplanting and further crops were raised following the normal agricultural practices needed to grow the plant. The experimental site is located between the coordinates 28° 60′ and 31° 29′ N, 77° 49′ and 80° 60 m E, and at an altitude of 1250 m in the Kattyur valley. Climatologically, it is categorized as a sub-temperate (1200-1700 m) zone, where monsoon usually breaks in June and continues up to September. Sampling of the rose-scented geranium cultivars was started from March 2008 and taken on the tenth of every month until February 2009. Samples were collected in triplicate in each season. (A, cv. Bourbon type; B, cv. CIM-Pawan; C, cv. Kelkar; I, spring season; II, summer season; III, rainy season;IV, autumn season; V, winter season).
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               Factor Function
The major components in the essential oil of cv. Bourbon type were geraniol (14.1-34.6%), citronellol (15.2-31.3%), linalool (2.9-9.2%), citronellyl formate (4.4-9.2%), isomenthone (4.5-6.6%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.7-6.7%) and geranyl formate (3.8-6.2%). The dominant constituents of the cv. CIM-Pawan essential oil were geraniol (11.9-31.9%), citronellol (16.1-30.2%), citronellyl formate (5.2-8.9%), linalool (3.7-6.4%), isomenthone (4.0-6.3%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.4-5.2%) and geranyl formate (4.3-5.0%). However, the chemical composition and odor of cv. Kelkar was quite different from the other two cultivars and the major components found in this oil were citronellol (51.0-63.4%) and isomenthone (9.8-17.8%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.5 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.7 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon type: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.8 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: spring season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: summer season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: autumn season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.6 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: winter season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 1.2 %
 
Pelargonium graveolens cv. CIM-Pawan: (Harvesting time: rainy season)
 Fresh herb Iran
NP Content: 0.9 %
      Species Name: Piper nigrum
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Harvest Time Variation [23]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The cultivars selected for this study are Sreekara, Vellanamban and one Indonesian cultivar Kutching grown in Kerala. These cultivars are commonly cultivated in the northern parts of Kerala. The fresh berries of the authenticated cultivars were collected from Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut and were dried in a cross flow drier at 45 ℃ and taken for the analysis.
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               Factor Function
The main components of vellanamban oil were sabinene (3.9-18.8%), beta-pinene (3.9-10.9%), limonene (8.3-19.8%) and beta-caryophyllene (28.4- 32.9%). Sreekara oil contained as major compounds beta-pinene (0-11.2%), limonene (20.1-22.1%) and beta-caryophyllene (16.8-23.1 %). Kutching oil contained alpha-pinene(2.3-5.4%), sabinene (6.7-13.3%), limonene (14.5-17.5%) and beta-caryophyllene (20.8-39.1%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Piper nigrum cv. Sreekara: (Harvesting time: 1990)
 Berries India
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Piper nigrum cv. Sreekara: (Harvesting time: 1992)
 Berries India
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Piper nigrum cv. Vellanamban: (Harvesting time: 1991)
 Berries India
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Piper nigrum cv. Vellanamban: (Harvesting time: 1992)
 Berries India
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Rosa damascena
  Factor Name: Variety Comparison [24]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Experimental site: The present study was conducted at the experimental farm of the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (1325 m amsl, 32° 06′ 05″ N, 76° 34′10″ E), India, in 2011. Minimum temperature ranges from 3.5 ℃ to 19.8 ℃, maximum temperature ranges from 15.2 ℃ to 31.4 ℃, relative humidity varies between 62.2% and 94.1% in the morning and 45.0% and 87.2% in the evening, and bright sunshine hour ranges from 2.9 to 8.9 hours. Plant material: A population of approximately 50,000 plants raised from mixed stem cuttings collected from perennial rose plantations at the University of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, and maintained in the field of the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India, were utilized as an original gene pool of R. damascena. Two varieties, Jwala and Himroz were diversified through selections of desirable traits (morphological/oil content) across 25,000 plants. The five elites, three of R. damascena var. Jwala, (Indica, Super jwala and Jwala) and two of R. damascena var. Himroz (Hot himroz and Himroz) were developed through field selections and maintained at the Natural Plant Products Division Experimental Farm of the Institute. Rosa bourboniana plants were collected from the Fragrance and Flavour Development Centre, Kannauj, UP, India, during 1992 and maintained at the Natural Plant Products Division Experimental Farm of the Institute.
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               Factor Function
The essential oil content of the varieties of R. damascena varied from 0.037% to 0.051% and that of R. bourboniana was 0.017%. Super jwala recorded the highest oil content (0.051%). A total of 32 components were identified in the different varieties of rose oil. These components constituted 78.1-93.5% of the total rose oil species. The main components of rose oil were citronellol + nerol (16.3-30.1%), geraniol (15.8-29.3%), linalool (0.7-1.9%), rose oxide (0.9-2.6%), phenyl ethyl alcohol (0.1-0.4%), eugenol (0.3-2.2%), nonadecane (7.3-14.7%). The content of citronellol + nerol (30.1%) and geraniol (29.3%) was the highest in Himroz compared with other varieties.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Rosa damascena var. Himroz
 Flowers India
NP Content: 1 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Hot Himroz
 Flowers India
NP Content: 1.7 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Indica
 Flowers India
NP Content: 1.1 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Jwala
 Flowers India
NP Content: 2.1 %
 
Rosa damascena var. Super Jwala
 Flowers India
NP Content: 2.5 %
      Species Name: Rosamarinus officinalis
  Factor Name: Month Variation; Developmental Stage Variation [25]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The plants from Shawieh were harvested four times in 1998 on different separate plants: at full flowering (March), after flowering (May) and at late flowering season (November). And in 1999 at full flowering (March).
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               Factor Function
The oil samples were found to be rich in alpha-pinene (18.8-38.5%) and 1,8-cineole (19.1-25.1%). The Lebanese oils had particularly high levels of alpha-terpineol (2.9-11.2%) and geraniol (1.8-9.3%). The maximum alpha-pinene content is related to flowering period. Although the results obtained did not indicate a large variation of oil composition in relation to harvest time (flowering and after flowering), some reproducible differences were noticeable.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Whole plant: flowering stage + Harvesting time: March-1998
 Whole plant Shaweih, Lebanon
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Whole plant: after flowering stage + Harvesting time: May-1998
 Whole plant Shaweih, Lebanon
NP Content: 0.2 %
 
Whole plant: late flowering stage + Harvesting time: November-1998
 Whole plant Shaweih, Lebanon
NP Content: 0.4 %
 
Flower: flowering stage + Harvesting time: March-1999
 Flowers Shaweih, Lebanon
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Leaves: flowering stage + Harvesting time: March-1999
 Leaves Shaweih, Lebanon
NP Content: 0.3 %
      Species Name: Rosmarinus eriocalyx
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [26]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
The leaves of R. eriocalyx were harvested at random from two localities of the forest in the North and South ranges of Boutaleb in Algeria at different altitudes during the full flowering stage. Sample N3(Locality: Northern slope; Altitude (m): 850; Collection date: Mar 20,1993); Sample S3(Locality: Southern slope; Altitude (m): 850; Collection date: Mar 20,1993).
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               Factor Function
Concerning the alcohols, the highest amount of 1,8-cineole (11.4%) coincided with a very low amount of terpinen-4-ol(1.0%) in sample N3 as well as with a generally low concentration of hydrocarbons (apart from camphene and pinene) in all samples of R. eriocalyx.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Northern slope, Boutaleb range, Algeria; Altitude 850 m + Harvesting time: 20-Mar-1993
 Leaves Algeria
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Locality: Southern slope, Boutaleb range, Algeria; Altitude 850 m + Harvesting time: 20-Mar-1993
 Leaves Algeria
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Salvia officinalis
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation; Month Variation [27]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Sage plant material was collected from two different localities (altitudes 110 and 400 m) in central Herzegovina near Mostar and at four different stages of development: vegetative period (leaves and stalks, January 2003), prior to flowering (leaves and stalks, April 2003), in the course of flowering (flowering tops, leaves and stalks, May 2003) and after flowering (leaves and stalks, August 2003).
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               Factor Function
The highest oil yield of the plant was after flowering (August). The oil samples obtained prior to flowering (April) and in the course of flowering (May) yielded remarkably less than those after flowering (August) and in the vegetative period (January). An unexpected high oil yield of the plant in the vegetative period (January) is probably due to lower moisture content in this stage of development. The oil yields ranged from 0.29% to 0.64% (altitude 110 m) and 0.45% to 1.07% (altitude 400 m), which reveals that altitude also has significant influence on oil yields. The oils from plant materials gathered prior to flowering (April) and in the course of flowering (May) were found to contain significantly higher percentages of alpha-humulene, manool, viridiflorol and caryophyllene, while the oils produced after flowering (August) and in vegetative period (January) have had higher percentages of alpha-thujone and camphor. Although the altitude has had an obvious influence on oil yields, it did not have significant influence on the qualitative and quantitative composition of their constituents.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: January + Locality: Altitude 110 m
 Whole plant Bosnia and Herzegovina
NP Content: 0.3 %
 
Harvesting time: August + Locality: Altitude 110 m
 Whole plant Bosnia and Herzegovina
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Harvesting time: January + Locality: Altitude 400 m
 Whole plant Bosnia and Herzegovina
NP Content: 0.6 %
      Species Name: Salvia sclarea
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [28]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
200 g of fresh flowering spikes were collected randomly at full bloom stage (browning of lower floret stage) from the 2006-2007 crops of clary sage cultivar CIM-Chandni cultivated at CIMAP Lucknow and resource center Purara, Uttarakhand. The oil of Kashmir origin was collected from the Chemistry division of IIIM Jammu.
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               Factor Function
Linalool (23.6%), alpha-terpineol (3.8%), linalyl acetate (51.2%), beta-caryophyllene (3.2%), germacrene D (1.3%) and sclareol (1.3%) were recorded in the oil S. sclarea cultivated in Lucknow UP while the Kashmir oil sample possessed the highest percentage of linalyl acetate (60.8%) and lowest linalool (14.5%) along with alpha-terpineol (1.8%), geranyl acetate (2.2%), beta-caryophyllene (1.9%), germacrene D (2.6%) and sclareol (1.3%) as the other minor constituents. In contrast, the oil of S. sclarea from Purara in Uttarakhand showed highest percentage of linalool (29.8%), alpha-terpineol (5.3%) and sclareol (2.3%) and the lowest linalyl acetate (45.7%) among all the three samples.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Lucknow UP, India
 Spikes India
NP Content: 3.3 %
 
Locality: Jammu and Kashmir, India
 Spikes India
NP Content: 2.2 %
 
Locality: Uttarakhand, India
 Spikes India
NP Content: 3 %
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [29]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Clones of T. daenensis populations were collected from 11 locations including seven locations in Fars and four locations in Kohkiluyeh provinces of Iran. The clones of T. daenensis populations were transplanted to the farm at IANRRC Research Station, located in NajafAbad (18 km west Isfahan, 32° 36′ N, 51° 26′ E and 1612 m asl) in March 2002 . Clones were grown in 5 × 2 m plots with 50 × 50 cm planting density. Fertilizers were applied prior to planting at a rate of 60 kg P/ha and 50 kg N/ha. After 3 years (2004), the aerial parts of plants were harvested at full flowering stage, dried at room temperature, and stored until analysis inside paper bags in a cool and dark place. Td1 (Fars Province, Eghlid, Asepas; Altitude: 2000); Td2 (Fars Province, Sourian, Bavanat; Altitude: 2500); Td3 (Fars Province, Abadeh, Keverlar; Altitude: 2280); Td4 (Fars Province, Abadeh -Shiraz Rd, Kolikosh; Altitude: 2400); Td5 (Fars Province, Shiraz -Yasouj Rd, Komehr; Altitude: 2415); Td6 (Fars Province, Yasouj -Shiraz Rd, Margoon; Altitude: 2170); Td7 (Fars Province, Shiraz -Isfahan Rd, Pasargad; Altitude: 2190); Td8 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Sisakht, Gol; Altitude: 2570); Td9 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Kakan; Altitude: 2200); Td10 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Yasouj -Sepidan Rd, Mahparviz; Altitude: 2660); Td11 (Kohkiluyeh Province, Sepidar, Pazanan; Altitude: 2600).
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               Factor Function
Carvacrol, thymol and geraniol were found as the main constituents in the oils of the tested populations. Variation of the oils in populations was subjected to cluster analysis and three different chemotypes including carvacrol (47.3-80.1%), thymol (53.1-72.2%) and geraniol (65.6-75.7%) were identiified. Other important components were beta-caryophyllene (1.7-9%), p-cymene (0.1-10.9%) and gamma-terpinene (0.1-7.8%). Although Thymus is known as having high thymol content in its oil, it is revealed that T. daenensis subsp. daenensis has also a high potential for carvacrol and geraniol constituents in the oil. The largest similarity of the oil components of populations was detected between Td4 and Td7 and the lowest was revealed between Td8 and Td9. The differences in the oil content and composition of the populations could be attributed to their genetic variability and they could be a good genetic source for breeding purposes.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Asepas, Eghlid, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2000 m
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: < 0.05 %
 
Locality: Bavanat, Sourian, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2500 m
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.7 %
 
Locality: Margoon, Yasouj-Shiraz Rd, Fars Province, Iran; Altitude 2170 m
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 8.8 %
 
Locality: Gol, Sisakht, Kohkiluyeh Province, Iran; Altitude 2570 m
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: < 0.05 %
 
Locality: Kakan, Kohkiluyeh Province, Iran; Altitude 2200 m
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.1 %
 
Locality: Pazanan, Sepidar, Kohkiluyeh Province, Iran; Altitude 2600 m
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 9 %
      Species Name: Satureja thymbra
  Factor Name: Month Variation; Developmental Stage Variation [30]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Fresh plant materials were obtained in 2004 and 2005. S. thymbra 1(vegetative stage: just before flowering, date: June 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 2(vegetative stage: full flowering, date: July 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 3(vegetative stage: after flowering, date: Aug 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 4(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Sept 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 5(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Nov 7, 2004, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 6(vegetative stage: fruiting, date: Feb 7, 2005, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. thymbra 7(vegetative stage: before flowering, date: May 7, 2005, location: Mt. Immitos, altitude(m): 350); S. parnassica 8(vegetative stage: before flowering, date: June 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 9(vegetative stage: just before flowering, date: July 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 10(vegetative stage: full flowering, date: Aug 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800); S. parnassica 11(vegetative stage: after flowering, date: Sept 16, 2004, location: Mt. Parnon, altitude(m): 1800).
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               Factor Function
It is evident that the phytochemical content of the essential oils for both Satureja species varied greatly, depending on the period examined, and showed large prevalence of phenolic content. It must also be pointed out that regardless of the vegetative stage of the plant collected, the sum of the two isomeric phenol monoterpenes (carvacrol and thymol) and their biosynthetic monoterpene precursors p-cymene and gamma-terpinene represented always the bulk of each essential oil (~76%). More specificallysfor both species-during their premature vegetative stage, gamma-terpinene constitutes the major component of their essential oils. The approach of the flowering period results in the simultaneous gradual diminishment of monoterpene precursors and the prevalence of their phenolic metabolites. Thus, essential oils obtained from plants collected during the 'just before their flowering' stage contain thymol as their major component, which constitutes 27.88 and 38.51% of the total oil content for S. thymbra and S. parnassica, respectively. On the other hand, during their full flowering period carvacrol prevails as the major component, accounting for 39.10% for S. thymbra and for 34.61% for S. parnassica. The end of the flowering stage delineates a sharp decrease of carvacrol levels and the predominance of thymol as the major component of the essential oils. A few months later, as the premature vegetative stage approached, the level of gamma-terpinene was restored. The content of p-cymenesthe other major monoterpene precursor-fluctuated seasonally in a manner similar to that shown by gamma-terpinene. Other monoterpene hydrocarbons such as myrcene and alpha-terpinene were also detected in smaller quantities, whereas various monoterpene alcohols such as linalool, borneol, and terpin-4-ol were found mainly in the oils obtained after the flowering stage. Finally, it is notable that the oils obtained during the just before the full flowering period contain beta-caryophyllene as one of their major components.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Harvesting time: just before flowering satge; 7-June-2004
 Leaves and stems Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece
NP Content: 0.07 %
 
Harvesting time: full flowering satge; 7-June-2004
 Leaves, stems and flowers Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece
NP Content: 0.24 %
 
Harvesting time: fruiting satge; 7-November-2004
 Leaves and stems Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece
NP Content: 0.42 %
 
Harvesting time: fruiting satge; 7-February- 2005
 Leaves and stems Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece
NP Content: 0.37 %
 
Harvesting time: before flowering satge; 7-May-2005
 Leaves and stems Mt. Immitos, Continental Greece
NP Content: 0.28 %
      Species Name: Solidago virgaurea
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [31]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of Solidago virgaurea plants were randomly collected from the wild at two different altitudes, as described below, during the 2000 vegetation period. All the collections of the plant samples were carried out during massive bud formation and the beginning of flowering stage. Sample # 1, LTS00-46; 10 kg of the sample was collected on July 31, 2000 at LAT: 51° 07′ LON: 81° 10′ HEI 290 m from Altai land, Lokteev district, near the village of NovoMikhaylovskoe, on the left bank of the Aley River, outskirts of pine forest, fire area, sandy soils. Sample # 2, LTS00-57; 5.6 kg of the sample was collected on August 3, 2000 at LAT 51° 14′ LON 82° 28′ HEI 650 m from Altai land, Kur'in district, around the Kolyvanm quarries, with diverse turf grasses, along the river bank of Aley.
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               Factor Function
The main components from 290 m were alpha-pinene (36.5%), myrcene (14.8%), beta-caryophyllene (10.5%), germacrene D (8.2%), beta-pinene (7.1%) and limonene+beta-phellandrene (6.4%). The oil from the sample collected at 650 m had benzyl benzoate (57.0%), beta-caryophyllene (6.3%), germacrene D (6.0%), alpha-pinene (4.4%) and alpha-humulene (4.0%) as major components, suggesting polymorphism or the existence of different chemoytpes.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Lokteev district, Russia; Altitude 290 m
 Flowers Russia
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Stachys pilifera
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [32]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Plant material and isolation procedure: Aerial parts of the plant were collected from two regions, from Kazeroon in southern Iran and Shahr-e-kord in western Iran at the time of flowering in June 2002.
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               Factor Function
The main components of the oil of S. pilifera collected from Kazeroon, in southern Iran, were spathulenol (15.8%), cis-chrysanthenol (15.3%), beta-caryophyllene (8.4%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (6.9%), while for the plant collected from Shahr-e-kord, in western Iran, they were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (21.8%), linalool (18.9%), terpinen-4-ol (11.9%) and cis-chrysanthenol (9.2%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Shahr-e-kord, western Iran
 Aerial parts Iran
NP Content: 2.6 %
      Species Name: Tanacetum dolichophyllum
  Factor Name: Altitude Variation [33]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Wild growing Tanacetum dolichophyllum samples were collected during the period of full flowering, between September-October 2009 from high alpine meadows of Western Himalaya (Uttarakhand, India): Sample I (Dayara, altitude 3200 m) and Sample II (Tungnath, altitude 3800 m).
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               Factor Function
Plant collected from Dayara meadow (Sample I) afforded cis-lanceol (11.8%), beta-pinene (10.7%), (E)- beta-farnesene (7.4%), alpha-bisabolol (7.2%), beta-eudesmol (5.2%) and terpinen-4-ol (5.1%) as the major constituents, whereas in the sample collected from Tungnath (Sample II) beta-eudesmol (31.4%), alpha-bisabolol (10.7%) were the most abundant components followed by neryl acetate (5.8%) and (E)-beta-farnesene (5.7%). The composition was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygen containing sesquiterpenes (49.2-71.1%). The oils are clearly different from those of all other previously reported T. dolichophyllum oils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Dayara; Altitude 3200m
 Aerial parts Himalyas, Uttarakhand, India
NP Content: <0.05 %
 
Locality: Tungnath; Altitude 3800m
 Aerial parts Himalyas, Uttarakhand, India
NP Content: 0.2 %
      Species Name: Thymus longicaulis
  Factor Name: Locality Variation; Developmental Stage Variation [34]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Fresh plant materials were obtained on 2002. Collection Data: Thymus longicaulis, abbreviation: TLK, vegetative stage: in fruiting, date: 03/06/02, location: Mt. Kitheron, continental Greece, altitude (m): 600; Thymus longicaulis, abbreviation: TLP, vegetative stage: full flowering, date: 17/06/02, location: Mt. Parnon, Peloponnesus, altitude (m): 1650.
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               Factor Function
T. longicaulis specimens, obtained fromvaried stations, showed large prevalent phenolic contents. The sample of TLK was exceptionally poor in phenolic monoterpenes (35.83%) and the essential oil of OVH was perticularly rich in carvacrol (88.71%).
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Stems, leaves, calyx, and seeds: fruiting stage + (Locality: Mt. Kitheron, continental Greece)
 Stems; Leaves; Calyx; Seeds (fresh) Mt. Kitheron, continental Greece
NP Content: 2.98 %
  Factor Name: Chemotype Comparison [35]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Aerial parts of the plants with distinct odors, harvested at full flowering stage, were collected from the same population (growing in an area of one m2) on Mt. Parnis Attiki, at an altitude of 1200 m in June 1995.
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               Factor Function
Limonene (18.7%) and thymol (19.4%); geraniol (56.8%) and geranyl acetate (7.6%); linalool (63.1%) and alpha-terpinyl acetate (20.4%) were the predominant components in each of the three different chemotypes, respectively.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Chemotype (thyme-odor type)
 Aerial parts Attiki, Greece
NP Content: 0.1 %
 
Chemotype (rose-odor type)
 Aerial parts Attiki, Greece
NP Content: 7.6 %
 
Chemotype (lavender-odor type)
 Aerial parts Attiki, Greece
NP Content: 0.1 %
      Species Name: Thymus pseudopulegioides
  Factor Name: Locality Variation [36]
              Species Info Factor Info
               Experiment Detail
Plant materials were collected from the following localities in north western Turkey. A = Trabzon: Caykara, Soganli dag on July 28, 1994; B = Bayburt: Caykara, Mohakambo yaylasi on July 25, 1994; C = Trabzon: Koprubasi, Vizara yaylasi on July 20, 1994.
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               Factor Function
One hundred and four compounds were identified representing 97.5-99.5% of the total components detected in thymol/carvacrol (50.14/10.67%), thymol/linalool (23.14/20.24%) and linalool/alpha-terpinyl acetate/geraniol (21.55/16.70/11.17%) rich oils.
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               Factor Part Location NP Content
 
Locality: Soganli dag, Caykara, Trabzon, Eskisehir, Turkey
 Aerial parts Eskisehir, Turkey
NP Content: 1.4 %
 
Locality: Vizara yaylasi, Koprubasi, Trabzon, Eskisehir, Turkey
 Aerial parts Eskisehir, Turkey
NP Content: 7.9 %
      Species Name: Thymus vulgaris
  Factor Name: Cultivar Comparison; Seasonal Variation [22]
References
1 Essential Oil of Artemisia absinthium L. from the Spanish Pyrenees
2 Variability of Artemisia campestris L. essential oils from Lithuania
3 Seasonal Analyses of the Essential Oil of Artemisia ferganensis
4 Composition of the Essential Oil of Pichana [Baccharis spartioides (Hook, et Arn.) Remy (Compositae)] from Different Populations of the Patagonia, Argentina
5 Changes in the Peel Oil Composition of Kagzi Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) during Ripening
6 Volatile Constituents of the Peel Oils of Several Sweet Oranges in China
7 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Tunisian and Canadian Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Fruit
8 Composition and Quality of the Essential Oil of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) from Argentina
9 Induced Mutants in M2 Generation and Selection for Enhanced Essential Oil Yield and Quality in Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii, Roxb.) Wats., var. martinii
10 Development of Improved Clones of Jamrosa [Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle var. Confertiflorus (Steud.) Bor. x C. jwarancusa (Jones) Schult.] through Induced Mutations
11 Yellowing and crinkling disease and its impact on the yield and composition of the essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.)
12 Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. from Kerman Province in Iran
13 Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Ducrosia assadii Alava. from Kerman Province in Iran
14 Seasonal Influence on the Essential Oil Compositions of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake and E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden from Brazilian Cerrado
15 Essential Oil Variation in Melampodium camphoratum Baker
16 Seasonal Variation of Essential Oils in a Linalool-Rich Chemotype of Mentha Spicata Grown Wild in Greece
17 Composition of the Essential Oil of Micromeria biflora
18 Changes in Essential Oil Composition of Tunisian Myrtus communis var. italica L. During Its Vegetative Cycle
19 Essential oil composition of four Ocimum species and varieties growing in Iran
20 Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes
21 Influence of the harvesting time, temperature and drying period on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil
22 Essential oil composition of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her ex Ait. cultivars harvested in different seasons
23 Studies on Essential Oil Composition of Cultivars of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)-V
24 Evaluation of several Rosa damascena varieties and Rosa bourboniana accession for essential oil content and composition in western Himalayas
25 Chemical Composition of Lebanese Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Essential Oil as a Function of the Geographical Region and the Harvest Time
26 Comparative Study of the Essential Oils from Rosmarinus eriocalyx Jordan & Fourr. from Algeria and R. officinalis L. from Other Countries
27 The Impact of the Locality Altitudes and Stages of Development on the Volatile Constituents of Salvia officinalis L. from Bosnia and Herzegovina
28 Terpenoid Compositions and Enantio-differentiation of Linalool and Sclareol in Salvia sclarea L. from Three Different Climatic Regions in India
29 Essential Oil Variation in Hyptis marrubioides subsp. daenensis Cleak Populations
30 Characterization of the essential oil volatiles of Satureja thymbra and Satureja parnassica: influence of harvesting time and antimicrobial activity
31 Volatile Oil-Bearing Flora of Siberia VIII: Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Wild Solidago virgaurea L. from the Russian Altai
32 Constituents of the Essential Oil of Stachys pilifera Benth. from Iran
33 Variation in the Constituents of Tanacetum dolichophyllum (Kitam.) Kitam. from Different Locations of Uttarakhand Himalaya (India)
34 Essential Oils of Satureja, Origanum, and Thymus Species: Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities Against Foodborne Pathogens
35 Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Properties of Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaoubardii Oils: Three Chemotypes in the Same Population
36 Composition of the Essential Oil of Thymus pseudopulegioides Klokov et Des.-Shost from Turkey